Correspondence
·
Correspondence
Meeting Notice from Greg Shank, Community Education, Dist 112 dated September 27, 2000.
Letter to Tim Brenny, Maertens-Brenny Construction dated October 6, 2000.
Letter from Elwyn Tinklenberg, MnDOT dated October 9, 2000.
Fax from Arnold P. Cool, Mediacom dated October 11,2000.
Memorandum to Scott Botcher re: Mike Nelson Masonry & Concrete, Inc. dated October 12, 2000.
SW Corridor Transportation Coalition & Hwy 7 Coalition Agenda dated October 27, 2000.
Letter from Tasha Enevoldsen, Larkin, Hoffman, Daly & Lindgren dated October 11, 2000.
E-mail from Linda Jansen re: Cable Qst. dated October 17, 2000. .
AMM Fax News for October 16-20,2000.
Invoice and information re: Canada Goose Removal Services dated October 3, 2000.
Letter from Roger Knutson re: Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of2000.
Letter from Marc Hugunin, Metropolitan Council dated October 13, 2000.
Date:
September 27,2000
To:
Community Leaders Group
From:
Greg Shank
Re:
Meeting Notice
Please note the next meeting of the Community Leaders Group:
Date:
Time:
Location:
Host:
Friday, October 6, 2000
7:00 - 9:00 a.m.
Chanhassen City Hall
City of Chanhassen
AGENDA
1. Welcome and Introductions
2. Organization Updates - all
3. Determine Priority Topics for 2000-01 & Action Timeline
4. Revisit Meeting Time
5. Agenda Items for Next Meeting
6. Other Business
Please RSVP regrets only to Greg Shank at 556-6211.
2000-01 Meeting Schedule for Community Leaders Group
· Date Time Host Topic/Focus
Friday, August 4, 2000 7:00 - 9:00 a.m. City of Victoria
Friday, October 6, 2000 7:00 - 9:00 a.m. City of Chanhassen
Friday, December 1, 2000 7:00 - 9:00 a.m. Carver County
Friday, February 2, 2001 7:00 - 9:00 a.m. City of Chaska
Friday, April 6, 2001 7:00 - 9:00 a.m. District 112
Friday, June 1, 2001 7:00 - 9:00 a.m. City of Carver
Possible Topics/Areas of Focus
· Continued sharing of development plans (City & County Comprehensive Plan). Including a 10 -15 year
shared vision.
· Joint Fiscal Impact Study
· Transportation/RoadslTraffic
· Facilities use priorities (District Stewardship of Facilities vs. Facilities as Community Gathering Places -
Impact on Access Due to Costs of Supervision and Maintenance)
· Leadership development
· Communications with legislators
· Recreational activities with an emphasis on participation vs. competition
· Commitment to assets building in youth (including Community Services Opportunity)
· Customer service issues
· Census gathering (G.I.S.)
· Community Values Activities
· Shared training opportunities
07/26/00
CITY OF
CHANHASSEN
690 City Cmfer Driv" PO Box 147
Chanhaßen, Minnfiota 55317
Phon, 612.937.1900
General FIlX 612937.5739
Enginm;ng FIlX 612.937.9152
Pnblic Safety FIlX 612.934.2524
U'1b www.ci.chIl11hassen.mn.us
-rl r'. I'rl I
October 6, 2000
Mr. Tim Brenny
Maertens - Brenny Construction
8251 Main Street NE
Minneapolis, MN 55432
Dear Mr. Brenny:
Thank you for your bid on the Roundhouse Pavilion Project. Two bids, both
exceeding our project budget were received. A third bid was delivered after the
bid closure and returned unopened. I anticipate the City will re-bid the project in
the next 60-90 days. Your bid bond is enclosed.
Again, thank you for your interest in the Roundhouse Project. I look forward to
hearing from you again.
Todd Hoffman
Park and Recreation Director
TH:gmb
c: Lotus Architecture
/ Scott Botcher, City Manager
City Council
Park and Recreation Commission
File: RA-54l Roundhouse Park
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Minnesota Department of Transportation
Transportation Building
395 John Ireland Boulevard
51. Paul, Minnesota 55155-1899
CiTYC,,::
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October 9,2000
DC I -; -
J U 2000
Scott Botcher
City Manager
City of Chanhassen
690 City Center Drive
Chanhassen, Minnesota 55317-0147
I:NG;Nr::~~~,;, .
-L..:n,I\jG o;::PT.
Dear Mr. Botcher:
As you may be aware, the Minnesota Legislature mandated a study of the effectiveness of
ramp metering in the Twin City Metropolitan area. The legislation requires the Minnesota
Department of Transportation to shut down ramp meters, and report the traffic flow and
safety results of that action to the Legislature by February 1, 2001. I am writing to ask for
your help.
Specifically, the consultant team hired to conduct the study asked that we solicit your
cooperation by requesting that you 1Iot adjust the timing of your signal systems during the
entire ramp meter evaluation phase. This is to ensure, as much as possible, that the
"before" conditions that are studied mirror the "after" (ramps-off) conditions. The shut
down will occur starting on Monday, October 16,2000. The ramp meters will be off
about four to six weeks.
We intend to keep you and the public informed of any developments regarding this study
via a comprehensive communications plan. As part of that plan, we have established a
ramp meter study page on the MnlDOT Website (click on "hot topics"). That site will be
updated regularly and already contains much more detail regarding the study than could
be put into this letter. I invite you to bookmark and regularly visit the site. Its address is:
http://www.dot.state.mn.us/ramPlneterstudv/facts.html
Thank you in advance for your cooperation.
12; Sm'~IY
Elwyn Tinklenoerg
Commission
Enc\.
An AntJAI oooortunitv p,mn!nvAr
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Minnesota Department of Transportation
Transportation BUilding
395 John Ireland Boulevard
51. Paul, Minnesota 55155-1899
Ramp Meter Study Fact Sheet
(9/22/00)
Backl!:round
A bill passed by the 2000 Legislature requires that the Minnesota Department of
Transportation study the effectiveness of ramp meters in the Twin Cities metro area by
conducting a shutdown study before the next legislative session.
The results will be shared with the Legislature and the public by Feb. 1,2001. The goal of the
study is to evaluate the traffic flow and safety impacts associated with turning off all ramp
meters.
Specifics of Ramp Meter Study
The study began with a four-to-six week pre-study data collection the week of Sept. II, in
order for the consultant to compare against the data collected when the ramps are shut down
in October. In total, both the "before" and "after" data collection should take about 10 to 12
weeks.
Cambridge Systematics, Cambridge, Mass., is the consultant that will conduct the study. The
study will cost $651,600.
The consultant will be studying four freeway corridors that have been chosen as
representative of the system. The location of these corridors will not be made public, so as to
maintain the integrity of the data.
Study objectives include:
· To fully explore the impacts of ramp metering on freeways, local roads, and on transit
operations.
· To identify the public perception of ramp metering.
· To compare Minnesota's ramp metering system and timing strategies with other
regional systems across the country.
To measure customer satisfaction, the consultant plans to use a series of focus groups and
telephone surveys to talk to 1,540 users of the system. The consultant will be looking for
individual traveler-oriented perspectives regarding ramp meters and ramp meter operation.
Ramp meters in the Twin Cities
There are 430 ramp meters on approximately 210 miles of freeways in the Twin Cities
metropolitan area. Ramp metering began in the Twin Cities in 1969 with a pilot project on
I-35E in St. Paul. Ramp meter timing is based on real-time traffic conditions that are set by
computers located at MnlDOT's Traffic Management Center.
An eoual opportunitv emplover
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Minnesota Department of Transportation
Transportation Building
395 John Ireland Boulevard
51. Paul. Minnesota 55155-1899
o and A for Ramp Meter Study
(9/22/00)
Q: When will the shutdown occur?
A: The ramp-meter study that includes shutting off all ramp meters in the metro area will
occur sometime in October and last from four to six weeks. A four-to-six week pre-study data
collection began the week of Sept. 11. This pre-data collection will enable the consultant to
compare this data with data collected when the ramp meters are shut down. In total, both the
"before" and "after" data collection should take about 10 to 12 weeks.
Q: Will all the ramp meters be turned off?
A: Yes, all 430 ramp meters will be shut off during the study.
Q: Are you going to tell the public when the shutdown is? If so, why?
A: The Ramp Meter Study Advisory Committee decided to notify the public a week in
advance of the shutdown. The consultant decided that they will take into account the impact
of any type of anticipatory behavior. The consultant estimates that it will take one to two
weeks for traffic to settle down when the meters are turned off. The consultant believes that
alerting the public could speed up this transition time.
Q: What will the study cost?
A: The study will cost $651,600.
Q: What are the study objectives?
A: Study objectives include:
· To fully explore the impacts of ramp metering on freeways, local roads, and on transit
operations.
· To identify the public perception of ramp metering.
· To compare Minnesota's ramp metering system and timing strategies with other
regional systems across the country.
Q: What will the consultant be measuring?
A: The consultant will study four freeway corridors that have been chosen as being
representative of the system. The location of these corridors will not be made public, so as to
maintain the integrity of the data.
The consultant team will collect data that will help it evaluate the impacts oframp metering
on travel time, safety, travel time reliability/predictability, the environment and energy
ðn or" ,~I nnnr'lrt' 'nih! omnln\/or
)andA
Page 2
and volume (the number of vehicles the system carries). This data will be collected on both
freeways and parallel alternate routes. Additionally, customer satisfaction will also be
measured.
Q: How will the consultant measure customer satisfaction?
A: The consultant plans to use a series of focus groups and a telephone survey of users of the
system. They will measure individual traveler-oriented perspectives regarding ramp meters
and ramp meter operation. In total, 1,540 system users will participate in the market research.
Q: Why is MnlDOT doing this study?
A: A bill, passed by the 2000 Legislature, requires that MnlDOT study the effectiveness of
ramp meters in the Twin Cities metro area by conducting a shutdown study before the next
legislative session.
Q: Does MnlDOT support the study?
A: MnlDOT is fully committed to conducting a scientific study of ramp meter effectiveness.
Q: Will there be citizen/community involvement in the study?
A: Two committees are helping to guide and implement the study to ensure the involvement
of a broad range of stakeholders.
· An Advisory Committee provides policy oversight and helped select the consultant.
The committee also helped devise the proposed study work plan, measures of
effectiveness and evaluation measures. David Jennings, President of the Greater
Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce, chairs the Advisory Committee. Other
organizations represented include:
· Association of Minnesota Counties
· Department of Public Safety - State Patrol
· Hennepin County Community Health Department
· Southwest Metro Transit Commission
· Four State Legislators
· FHW A
· Murphy Warehouse Company
· AAA
· Metropolitan Council
· MnlDOT
· Citizens League
· Metro Transit
· City of Eagan
QandA
Page 3
. A Technical Committee provides technical guidance, expertise and quality control. It
also represents the public, and provides technical guidance to the consultant selection
process, the study work plan and measures of effectiveness and evaluation methods. It
is chaired by James Grube, Director of the Hennepin County Transportation
Department. Organizations represented include:
· Pollution Control Agency
· Dakota County Highway Department
· City of Ramsey
· City of St. Paul
· Mn/DOT's Metro Division and
Office of Investment Management
· Metropolitan Council
· City of Minneapolis
· Metro Transit
· Ramsey County Public Works
· FHWA
Q: Is the consultant taking into account the changes in weather or lighting conditions
that will occur in the before and after study? What about days with a high number of
incidents?
A: The consultant intends to flag bad weather days (rain/snow), high incidentdays, and dark
vs. light conditions (both during the "before" and the "after" data collection). The data will be
grouped and analyzed into separate categories. If there is a statistically significant difference
between groups, the data will be analyzed separately and comparisons will be made for data
under similar weather/light/incident conditions. Also, the consultant will analyze data across
groups to identify differences in the effectiveness of ramp metering under varying
weather/light/incident conditions.
Q: Will the High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes and ramp-meter bypasses be open to
single-occupant vehicles during the study?
A: No. The HOV lanes and ramp-meter bypasses will operate as usual and will be open for
buses, car/vanpools, and motorcycles during regular hours. The State Patrol will enforce these
lanes and bypasses as usual.
Q: What will the ramp meters look like during the study?
A: The ramp meters will be flashing yellow during the study, just like they are during off-
peak periods.
Q and A
Page 4
Q: If the system collapses, will Mn/DOT stop the study?
A. MnlDOT has identified a process and a set of triggers -. including our obligation to
provide for a safe traveling environment, economic impacts and total system failure - that
would cause us to consider early termination. However, early termination would occur
only after those trigger conditions were met and only after extended conversations
between MnlDOT, the Departments of Public Safety, the Advisory Committee, the
Governor's Office, and the leadership of the Transportation Committees in both the
House and the Senate. Legislative involvement with this decision is imperative because it
is under its mandate that MnlDOT is conducting this study, and any kind of early
termination of the study needs to comply with Legislative intent.
Q. What do you think will happen when the ramps are shut down?
A: It would be inappropriate for MnlDOT to speculate as to what will occur
when the meters are shut off.
Q: How can I get more information on the ramp meter study?
A: Visit MnlDOT's web site at: www.dot.state.mn.us· and look under "Hot Topics."
lO/II/2000 08:37 FAX 15078354567
MEDIACOM
('C'. (OVllC' I 141001/001
Mediãcom )
Mediacom LlC
1504 2nd Street S.E.
Waseca, MN 56093
Phone: (507) 635-2356
Fax: (507) 635-4567
Dear Elected Officials,
It is sun outage time again. This interference occurs twice a year, once in spring
and again in the fall. A "sun outage" occurs when the sun is positioned in
alignment with the satellite and our Receive Antenna. The solar flares from the
sun are stronger than the transmitted signal and cause interference in receiving the
signal. The interference can vary from minor sparks in the picture to complete
channel outage.
This interference occurs between September 25th and October 20th each year, from
1 :49 p.m. to 3 :42 p.m. This is an approximate time and will not affect all satellite
channels at the same time.
Sun outages will affect digital signals differently than analog signals. Digital
signals will startto get extra noise in the audio, then go completely off (normally
less than five minutes). When it comes back on, the channel will appear suddenly
and with clear reception. With analog channels, the picture will get noisy and then
gradually fade completely away. When it comes back on, it will fade back slowly
until all the noise and sparkles are completely gone. Again this type of outage
normally only lasts a few minutes.
If any subscribers would like more information, they may log on the website,
www.spacecom.com
http://www.spacecom.comlCustomer Tools/SpaceCom web utilities.htm There
is a sun outage calculator at this web site that allows anyone to calculate outage
times for his or her local area and system.
If you have any further questions or concerns regarding the above, please call our
Customer Service Department at 1-800-332-0245.
Sincerely,
Arnold P Cool
Regional Manager
Central Region
Mediacom
(C G:)[;,. (\ 'f
----------
MEMORANDUM
TO: Scott Botcher, City Manager
FROM: Jonathan Effertz, Administrative Intern 1t
DATE:October 12, 2000
SUBJECT: Mike Nelson Masonry & Concrete, Inc.
9870 Pioneer Circle
BACKGROUND
On or about September 28,2000, Mr. Mike Nelson of Mike Nelson Masonry &
Concrete, Inc., received a citation for the illegal outdoor storage of a fuel tank.
The premise of this citation is that the storage constituted an expansion of a non-
conforming use.
CONCLUSION
Todd Gerhardt, the Assistant City Manager and I visited the location on
OctoberI2, 2000 at approximately 10:15 a.m. We entered the business office of
Mr. Mike Nelson and he proceeded to show us his entire property. Mr. Nelson
specificillly noted the locations where the fuel tank once stood. Mr. Gerhardt then
proceeded to ask Mr. Nelson ''where is the fuel tank now?" His answer was that
the fuel tank was moved to an off site commercial location. After the assurance of
Mr. Mike Nelson that the fuel tank was removed from the premise, we left the
property with the impression that no further action needed to be taken.
RECEIVED
JOINT MEETING OCT 1 2 2000
CITY OF CHANHASS
SOUTHWEST CORRIDOR TRANSPORTATION COALITION· EN
AND
HIGHWAY 7 COALITION (1-494 to South Dakota)
C( , lov'Å.Ý\, '(
---------/
DATE: FRIDAY, OCTOBER 27, 2000
TIME: 8:30 A.M. - 10:30 A.M.
LOCATION: MCLEOD COUNTY COURTHOUSE
BOARD ROOM
830 EAST 11 TH STREET
GLENCOE, MN
AGENDA
· Opening Comments/Introductions
Sheldon Nies, Highway 7 Coalition President
Bob LindaU, SWCTC President
· Review ofInterregional Corridor (IRC) Program
Dick Bautch, MnlDOT Corridor Manager
· Update on MnlDOT Construction Programs (2000- )
MnlDOT Metro District
- MnlDOT District 8
· Panel Discussion ofMnlDOT - Local Partnership Initiatives
- Dick Bautch - Inter-Regional Corridor Manager
Dick Stehr - Metro Division Representative
Patrick Weidemann - MnDOT District 8
- Roger Gustafson, Carver County Engineer
Rick Kjonaas, McLeod County Engineer
- Lisa Freese, Office of Land Use and Access Management
· Future Joint Coalition Meetings
Sheldon Nies
- Bob LindaU
Q)
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ROBERT L HOFFMAN
G£RALDH.FRIEOELl
EDWARD J, DRISCOll
GENEN.FULlER
JOHN D. FVLLMER
FRANK I. HARVEY
CHARLES S. MODELL
CHRISTOPHER J. DIETZEN
lINOAH.FISHER
THOM.\S P. STOlTMAN
MlctlAEl C. JACKMAN
JOHNE.OIEHl
JON S. SWIERZEWSKI
THOMASJ. FlYNN
JAMES P. QUINN
TODD I. FREEMAN
GERALD L SECK
JOK'I8.WNDQUIST
DAYLENOl.AH*
JOHN A- COTTER °
PAUlS. PlUNKETT
I>J..NILKlL.DCMI
KATHLEEN M. PICOTTE NEWMAN
M¡awlS.LEBARON
GREGORY E. KOASTAD
GARY A. VAN CLEVE °
TIMOTHY J. KEN£
AlAN M. ANDERSON
MICHAElW.SCHlEY
RONNB.KREPS
TERRENCEE.SISHOP
GAAYA-RENNEKE
CHRISTOPHER J. HARRISTHAl
KENDEL J. OHLROGGE
9RUCE J. 00UGtAS
WlWAMC-GRIFFlnI,JR.
JOHNR. HILL
PETERJ.COYlE
lARRYD.MARTIN
JANE E.SREMER
JOI-IU J. STEFFENHAGEN
MICHAEL J. SMITH
LARKIN, HOFFMAN, DALY & LINDGREN, LTD.
ATTORNEYS AT LAW
1500 WELLS FARGO PlAZA
7900 XERXES AVENUE SOUTH
BLOOMINGTON, MINNESOTA 55431·1194
TELEPHONE (952) 835-W~
FAX (952) 898-33331fCCEIVED
OCT 1 6 2000
CITY OF CH'''NH
::' ~SSEN
October 11, 2000
Ms. Kathryn Aanenson
City Hall
690 City Center Drive
Chanhassen, MN 55317
Dear Ms. Aanenson,
ANDREW F. PERRIN
FREDERIC/( W. NIEBUHR
RENEE L JACKSON
WlI../JAM O. THORNTON
CIiRISTOPHER K. lARUS
00UGlAS M. RNoILER
ANN M. MEYER
STEPHENJ.KAMlNSKI
THOMAS F. ALEXANDER
DANIEL T.KADLEC
SHARN06. A. WAHLGREN
JOHNF. KlOS
ADAM S. HUlfTA °
NICHOLAS A.J. VUETSTRA
C.ERIKHAWES
JAMESM.8USAO
DANIEL J. BAUINT NE
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JEFFREYD.CN«LL
SEAND.KELlY
SONYA R. BRAUNSCI'M'EIG
JOSEPHJ. FlTTANTE,JR.
JONATHAN J. FOGEL
CYNTHIA M. KlAUS
MARK D. CHRISTOPHERSON
NEALJ. BLANCHETT
T~O'NE:ILL.MOREI..AND
JAMES A. MCGREEVY, III
THOMASA. OUMP
TOOOA. TAYLOR
CHRISTOPHERJ·DEIKE
MARLA M. lACK
OF COUNSEL
JAMESP.lARKlN°
JACKF.OAlY
D. KENNETH UNOOREN
ALlANE.MULLJGO.N
JOSEPH OITlS
ALSO ADMITTED IN WISCONSIN
I wanted to confirm the details of the November 8, 2000 Metropolitan Council Comprehensive Plan
seminar. Registration and breakfast will start at 7:30 a.m. at the Decathlon Hotel in Bloomington. Mr.
Bill Griffith from Larkin, Hoffman, Daly & Lindgren will give introductions and then you are scheduled
to speak at 8:15 a.m.
I will have an LCD projector, screen and easel set up in the room for you. Please let me know if you will
need any additional items. If you have handouts or materials for the seminar, we would be happy to copy
them for you. I will need an original copy about a week prior to the seminar.
If you have any questions regarding the seminar, please feel free to contact me or Becky Bickett at
952-896-3322. Thank you for participating as a speaker for this program.
Sincerely,
íiÇf¡(&-.& vJá ~
Tasha Enevoldsen, Marketing
Larkin, Hoffman, Daly & Lindgren, Ltd.
::ODMA IPCDOCSILlB 11623433\1
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Gerhardt, Todd
From:
Sent:
To:
Subject:
Gerhardt, Todd
Tuesday, October 17, 20004:34 PM
'LCJansen2@aol.com'
RE: Cable Qs!'
Hi Linda:
I left you a long phone message explaining our cable access problem. I
hope to get the system up and running again by December. We are
recording the planning comm. and city council meetings and have a
library of tapes that go back about 5 months, if anyone wants revìew
them. Give me a call and we can talk in more detail.
Todd G.
-----Original Message-----
From: LCJansen2@aol.com [mailto:LCJansen2@aol.com]
Sent: Tuesday, October 17, 2000 1:41 PM
To: tgerhardt@ci.chanhassen.mn.us
Subject: Cable Qst.
Todd,
Hello.
I have now been asked by two residents why the council meetings are no
longer
televised? I wasn't aware that we weren't broadcasting them? Could you
refresh my memory on this situation please? We changed locations, did
we
change channels?
Thanks, appreciate your taking the time to give me an update.
Linda
1
Dct 18 2BBB 14:23:B2 Via Fax
AMM FAX
NEWS
October 16-20, 2000
-)
~12 937 5739 SCDtt BDtcher
Page BB1 Of BB1
cc ~. GV1\ (1-/
----- .
~"', .~)s.". ,. .-,* .,
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Association of
Metropolitan
Municipalities
State looks at takeover of education levy
In preparation forthe 2001 Legislative
Session, Revenue Commissioner
Matt Smith has conducted a series of
public meetings to discuss tax reform
measures.
While no detailed proposal has been
developed, the commissioner and staff
are conducting extensive research on
the state takeover of a larger portion of
the education levy.
The commissioner indicated that the
Department of Revenue is researching
ways to finance the takeover. Among
the research items on the table are the
Homestead Agricultural Credit Aid
(HACA), a state ievied property tax on
business and modifications to the
sales tax. The use of any available
surplus to finance takeover was not
discussed.
The use of any of the revenue
sources will have an impact on local
govemments. HACA would reduce
non-property tax revenue available to
most cities. Its (HACA) loss would not
reduce the total levy but would change
a local government's reliance on the
property tax as a revenue source.
For example, the school district levy
would decrease but the county and
city levy would offset part of the loss.
The state property tax on business
property would decrease the total local
levy while the sales tax base broadening
could reduce the tax rate. The impact of
the sales tax on cities is dependent
upon the specifics of the proposal.
The governor will probably not
release his tax proposal until December
(at the eariiest). It is expected that most
of the "Big Plan" initiatives will be
announced prior to the start of the 2001
Session on Jan. 3, 2001.
General permits possible for Phase II stormwater process
As part offederal environmental
egislation, most public entities will
need a storm water permit issued by
its state environmental protection
agency.
Being aware that most AMM cites
are Phase Ii cities, AMM staff has
asked the PCA if it wi II develop
individual permits for each city or be
able to develop a general permit
applicable to all Phase II cities. PCA
has replied that it is interested in a
general permit process and is willing to
further explore the possibility.
If you are interested in the Phase il
process and would like to be involved in
any meetings related tothe permit,
please call Laurie Jennings at the AMM
(651-215-4000) to be put on the meet-
ing mailing list
The rules governing stormwater
permits were promulgated in 1999 and
require cities having a population
between 10,000 and 100,000to have a
Council to hold forum on utility, infrastructure
Being aware of changing policies
related to public utilities and the
projected regional growth, the Metropoli-
tan Council is sponsoring a series of
forums regarding utilities and infrastruc-
ture planning.
The initial forum is set for Friday,
Oct 27, 2000 althe Sheraton Midway
Hotel. Theforumwill include a presenta-
tion by Tim Sheesley, coordinator of
Colorado 2000 and an executive with
Excel Energy. Colorado 2000 is a joint
utility planning effort between industry
and Colorado governments. A panel of
local government officials, utility and
business representatives will react to
the presentation and discuss local
efforts regarding utility and infrastruc-
ture planning.
If you are interested in attending,
please call the Metropolitan Council at
651-602-1000 by Thursday, Oct 26
for a reservation and further informa-
tion. The coslto attend the forum is
$20
permit by 2003. In Minnesota, the
Pollution Controi Agency (PCA) is
responsible for issuing the permits.
The PCA is in the process of com-
pleting the permitting of Phase I cities
(100,000 populations or more) and met
jointly with Minneapolisand St Paul to
develop a permit for the cities. The
proposed permit for each city is gener-
ally the same except for the identifica-
tion of specific locations.
AM M seeks street
sweeping information
The AMM is seeking street sweeping
information on behalf of a member.
The city would like to know how other
cities dispose of street sweeping debris
and if the debris is deposited at a city
owned facility. leased facility. privately
owned location or faci lity used by more
than one city. Also. is street sweeping
completed by the city or private con-
tractor? Please call Gene atthe AM M
(651-215-4001) with any information
/"..-
~~
....) .-~
/-/A. C
THE CANADA GOOSE PROJECT
Ii\-,. c~.
..,A:"''':Sf. . .
''" ~..
,...~~,.^ ..'-~:
Dedicated to Urban Canada Goose
Research and Management
INVOICE
Tuesday, October 3, 2000
RECEIVEP
OCT 1 3 2000
Canada Goose Removal Services
CITY OF CHi'I"nn,,--.
Mr. Todd Hoffman
Park And Recreation Coordinator
City of Chanhassen
690 Coulter Drive
Chanhassen, MN 55317
2000 Canada Goose Removal Services
5 sites at $700 per site
72 adult geese at $15 per bird processing cost
$3,500
1,080
Total
~41 580 =:>
Please make check payable to the Canada Goose Project and
mail to:
The Canada Goose Project
2195 Dudley Ave.
St. Paul, MN 55108
ild
Thank you.
THE CANADA GOOSE PROJECT
r-- -.......
~
... --,r~r
.....".." """"''-'
... .~~~.~ . ... --.
Dedicated to Urban Canada Goose
Research and Management
Tuesday, October 3, 2000
Mr. Todd Hoffman
Park And Recreation Coordinator
City of Chanhassen
690 Coulter Drive
Chanhassen, MN 55317
Dear Todd:
This report on the 2000 Twin Cities Metropolitan Area Canada
goose removal program is a little late this year. After
finishing the most demanding trapping season in the past 19
years in late July, I visited the White Indian Reservation to
assist with the development of a goose management program, and
then presented a paper on Twin Cities Canada goose-aircraft
hazard management research at an international meeting of Bird
Strike Committee USA and Canada. After doing the paper I came
down with an infection that until recently did not respond to
antibiotics. All is well now and I looking forward to catching
up on a backlog of reports and research data analysis.
The 2000 program was a busy one with two capture crews working 6
days a week for an average of 14 hours per day from June 10
until July 25th. We trapped geese at more sites (145) and set
traps more times (205) than any previous year, while cooperated
with the Minnesota Department of Natural on a comprehensive
study of contaminants in the Twin Cities geese.
Trapping--In 2000, geese were trapped at 145 sites and 6,738
geese (4,696 goslings and 2,0426 adults) removed compared 126
sites and 6,175 birds (4,250 young and 1,925 adults) in 1999
(Table 1 & Figure 1). The number of birds trapped increased 9%,
while the number of trapping locations was up 15% (Figure 2).
In addition with the continuation of the mild and early springs,
gosling production was only slightly below that of past three
years, which were the highest years in past 19 years (Figure 3).
The 2000 capture crews trapped 99.1% of all flightless geese
they attempted to capture, a 0.5% increase over last year
(Figure 4). However, the extremely early spring did result in
some birds attaining flight much earlier than in 1999. The date
on which the first gosling or adult flew'this year was July 4th,
whereas the first goose seen flying in 1999 was July 14th. This
reduced our effectiveness in the second and third weeks of July.
The number of geese dying during trapping was again very low
(Table 1). Only one adult goose and four goslings died during
trapping and transport activities, and no birds were captured
with pre-existing injuries so serious that they had to be
humanly killed.
Goslings--All young geese caught were transported to sites in
Minnesota or Iowa and released. About 3,000 of the goslings
went to Iowa, 700 to the White Earth Reservation north of
Detroit Lakes, and the remainder in northern Minnesota. Iowa
has not committed to taking young geese in 2001, and the MNDNR
estimates that fewer than 1,000 will be. needed in state areas
next year. But White Earth Indian Reservation wants more geese
and other Minnesota and South Dakota Indian Reservations may be
willing take young birds in the future. If we cannot relocate
goslings in the future, the MNDNR will require that goslings be
pastured until grown and then processed for the food-shelves.
Based on our 1996 research, this would increase the cost of
removal by $15 per gosling caught. You can estimate the
additional cost to your program by multiplying the number of
goslings captured at your site(s) from the table below.
Goose population changes--Like 1999, we had many new sites
(19%), more sites overall (145), great production (5.5 young per
breeding adult), and a high trapping rate (99.1%), yet the 2000
goose removal total rose by only 563 birds. Last year I
suggested that declining in the number of geese caught per site,
which has declined from an average of 67 in 1995 to 33 in 2000,
was a result of the impact of the goose removal program, and
that the Twin Cities goose population may have stabilizing. A
population survey, conducted by the University of Minnesota and
the Minnesota DNR, was completed last summer but the results not
complied until fall, indicated that the Twin Cities Canada goose
2
population is declining. This survey, done in the summer of
1984, 1994, and 1999, was a random survey of more than 250 MNDNR
protected wetlands and lakes. The population was estimated
24,714 (±2,401) in 1994, and 19,830 (±1,788) in 1999, a 20%
decline. In contrast without managel\lent, the exponential
population growth that occurred during the 1968-1984 period
would have continued, and the 2000 population would have been
near 250,000 birds (Figure 7). While a population of this
magnitude seem far-fetched, Canadian Wildlife service Canada
goose population estimates for southern Ontario show that that
unmanaged goose population has increased from 1,000 birds in
1967 to near 350,000 in 1999 (Figure 8).
Health Risk Assessment--A comprehensive health risk assessment
study was initiated by the MNDNR and the University this spring.
As you may recall, in 1995 when we realized that other states
(Oklahoma, Kansas, and Mississippi) willing to accept adult
geese did not want more, the current food-shelf program was
established. Because geese are primarily grazers, feeding low
in the food chain, few contaminants have found in goose tissues.
Nonetheless, we tested a small sample from the highly
industrialize Pigseye Lake area of St. Paul for lead, PCBs, and
persistent pesticides. The laboratory results showed nothing to
be concerned about, but, to error on the safe side, a
consumption advisory label of not more than one meal per month
by pregnant women and children has been attached to all geese
processed to date. The current program was undertaken to answer
questions such as "Should the consumption label be dropped? Do
geese at sites other than Pigseye have high lead levels? Are
PCBs a problem?"
The new study identified 25 sites that are either Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) or Minnesota pollution Control Agency
(MNPCA) contaminant cleanup sites. An attempt was made to
sample 10 adult breeding geese, 5 females and 5 males, located
within 0.5 miles (the summer travel range of flightless geese)
of the hazard site. An analysis of blood lead levels determined
by the University of Minnesota Veterinarian Pathology Laboratory
showed that 1% of the birds had lead above background levels
(0.20 parts per million). The highest level was 0.28 PPM, and
no location had a statistically higher lead level than any
other. These results will be forwarded to the Minnesota
3
Department of Health for review, and the revision of current
processed goose labeling considered in light of the extremely
low occurrence of lead found. Analysis of PCPs, mercury, and
persistent pesticides will be done next year.
Public Health and droppings--Urban Canada goose concentrations
are a relatively new phenomenon, consequently little research
has been done of the potential health risks, particular those
posed by the abundant droppings. Human pathogens,
Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia sp., were found in New Jersey
Canada goose droppings, but, no information was presented on the
longevi ty of the pathogens in the droppings or on a the
likelihood of human ingestion of these organisms. A recent in-
depth study (Feare et al 1999) was conducted in London, England
where introduced Canada geese are causing damage in urban parks
and at airports. These researchers found E. coli and Salmonella
sp. remained viable in Canada goose droppings for at least one
month, and because fecal material was readily transfer to human
hands, especially children, by handling of soccer and other game
balls, the authors concluded that bacteria present in waterfowl
droppings constitute a potential health risk to humans using"
parkland for recreation activities, and further concluded
. .". that Canada geese may pose more of a risk than other common
species.
While needing further research and not appearing to be a major
threat to human health, I believe it is prudent to advise people
of the possibility of contracting disease from goose droppings.
Children and people with weaken immune systems should wash their
hands after handling items such as soccer balls that come in
contact with goose droppings. Washing is particularly important
before eating. Parents of small children who put their hands in
their mouths should be advised to not allow their youngsters to
play in areas with goose droppings. I have enclosed a copy of
the Feare et al 1999 paper for your information.
Retirement--On June 30th after 28 years of service, I retired as
a full-time facility member and extension educator of the
University of Minnesota. I will continue to work on urban goose
management and research for at least the next five years as a
Professor Emeritus and Director of the Canada Goose Project.
This means the my participation in the cooperative Twin Cities
4
Canada Goose management Program will continue as it has in the
past. The Department of Natural Resources has generously leased
the Goose Project storage space and goose pens facilities at the
Carlos Avery Game Farm in Forest Lake. Because I will be able
to devote my full attention to the goose program, I believe that
goose management services and assistahce with goose damage
problems will be better than in the past and provided at a
reasonable cost.
Legal challenges--You may recall that from June 1993 to November
1999, the goose program was subjected to three suits and two
appeals by the People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) or
The Humane Society of Minnesota (HSUS). I am happy to report
that there were no new legal actions in past year and that all
of the plaintiffs' claims were answered in court. Suits
continue in Virginia and Washington State and elsewhere, but,
the courts have found that the Minnesota program satisfies all
state and federal legal requirements. . Thanks to all who
assisted during the long litigation process.
2000 Trapping at your site(s)--We trapped and removed the
following number of geese from the City of Chanhassen in 2000:
Site Date Young Adults Total
Lake Ann No geese found
Lake Lucy 7/5/2000 9 12 21
Lake Minnewashta 7/14/2000 19 14 33
Lotus Lake 7/12/2000 8 16 24
Lotus Lake 7/12/2000 48 4 52
Pond At 6301 Near
Mountain Blvd 7/5/2000 34 16 50
Pond on Hunter Drive 7/5/2000 16 10 26
Total 134 72 206
In summary, we had an excellent trapping program in 2000, but
our resources were stretched to the limit. I'm looking forward
to a similar effort in 2001 with an additional capture crew to
address all requests for goose management. If you have
questions, please feel free to· contact me at 651-644-6206 or
email me at jac@fw.umn.edu.
Sincerely yours,
5
Dr . A. Cooper
Prof s r Emeritus, University of Minnesota
Director of the Canada Goose Project
Attachments
6
Table 1. Adult and immature Canada geese removed from the Twin
Cities of Minnesota, and mortality during trapping and transport, 1982-
2000.
Year I A Total Mortality
I A Total
Percent
1982 195 261 456 2 0 2 0.44
1983 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00
1984 361 492 853 0 0 0 0.00
1985 507 396 903 1 1 2 0.22
1986 636 379 1,015 2 0 2 0.30
1987 740 375 1,115 1 0 1 0.09
1988 1,714 864 2,578 1 1 2 0.08
1989 1,680 1,294 2,974 2 1 3 0.10
1990 1,766 1,054 2,820 1 0 1 0.03
1991 1,685 1,196 2,881 3 1 4 0.14
1992 3,005 1,248 4,253 2 1 3 0.07
1993 2,224 1,083 3,307 2 1 3 0.09
1994 2,834 1,352 4,186 1 1 2 0.05
1995 4,747 2,189 6,936 6 2 8 0.12
1996 3,982 2,256 6,239 I 1 2 0.03
1997 3,978 1,676 5,642 1 0 1 0.03
1998 5,183 2,395 7,578 2 1 3 0.04
1999 4,250 1,925 6,175 0 1 1 0.02
2000 4,696 2,042 6,738 4 1 5 0.07
Totals 44,183 22,477 66,649 32 13 45 0.07 a
a Percent mortality is less than 1 goose per 1,000 trapped and
transported. Of the 45 geese that died, 31 were euthanized due to pre-
existing injuries.
Table 2. Canada goose nests found, eggs destroyed, and geese shot, March-
May, 2000.
Location Nests Eaas Geese
Bass Ponds & Lona Meadow Lake 32 158 0
Gun Club Lake North of Interstate 18 99 2
494
Gun Club Lake South of Interstate 17 77 1
494
Leaion Lake 1 7 0
Mother Lake 4 21 22
Richfield lake. 0 0 0
Snellina Lake 1 6 0
Pickerel Lake 3 15 3
Upper Lake 0 0 0
Crosby Lake 1 8 0
a 13 58 2
Wood Lake
Total 90 449 30
aThree nests containing a total of 14 eggs were left at the request of the Wood
Lake Nature Center Staff.
9000
8000 . Total Capture
~ Grand Total
¡ ) 7000 Captured 1982-2000
~
~ 66,729
c.; 6000
c.-. 5000
0
,.,¡ 4000
~
,.Q 3000
8
= 2000
Z
1000
0
M '" ..,. 10 \C r-- 00 0\ c:> .... M '" ..,. 10 \C r-- 00 0\ c:>
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0\ 0\ 0\ 0\ 0\ 0\ 0\ 0\ 0\ 0\ c:>
0\ 0\ 0\ 0\ 0\ 0\ 0\ 0\ 0\ 0\ 0\ 0\ 0\ 0\ 0\ 0\ 0\ 0\ <::
.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... M
YEAR
Figure 1. Canada geese captured and removed from the Twin Cities
Metropolitan Area, Minnesota, 1982-2000.
8000
Q IMMA TURES
o ADULTS
~ 6000
.J:¡
e
=
z
4000 t IIII
t ..
, :.:.
- I , ...
¡ , ..
..
2000 J ~~~~
f ,.. t ..
..
.. I
:.:., :::: I···· ..
. ..
0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
N <') '<t III \C r-- co 0- = .... N "1 '<t III \C r-- co 0- =
co co co co co co co co 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- =
0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0\ 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- =
.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... N
YEAR
Figure 2. Ages of Canada geese removed from the Twin Cities Metropolitan
Area, Minnesota, 1982-2000. .
8
7
6
5
0
.... 4
Eo<
<
P::: 3
2
1
0
0
00
Q\
....
--0-- Young Per Adult
.......<>....... Young Per Brood Patch Female
0"-0... ~'<>'<>..
<>. .. . """
þ;,.-.. <>.! ·O'¢.! v
yo '~,,,,,,,! 0.. :"
! v·~ "Ò
<:>..<:>.,¿
..,. 00 M I,Q 0 ..,.
00 00 Q\ Q\ 0 0
Q\ Q\ Q\ Q\ 0 0
.... .... .... .... M M
YEAR
Figure 3. Canada goose productivity indices, Twin Cities Metropolitan Area,
Minnesota, 1982-2000.
100
--0- Capture Rate
99
IU 98
~
C'I
-
=
IU
<J 97
""
IU
~
96
9S
<:> .... -.t \C 00 <:> .... -.t \C 00 <:> ....
00 00 00 00 00 '" '" '" '" '" <:> <:>
'" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" <:> <:>
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ....
YEAR
Figure 4. Flightless Canada goose trapping rates (percentage of flightless
geese captured at site), Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, Minnesota, 1982-2000.
·......................
........................
........................
........................
........................
.........................
........................
........................
.........................
........................
.........................
.........................
........................
.........................
........................
........................
.........................
........................
........................
.........................
........................
........................
........................
........................
........................
........................
.......................
.......................
......................
.......................
.......................
......................
......................
......................
.....................
.....................
.....................
....................
...................
...................
..................
..................
................
................
...............
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
...........
D NEW
III LAST YEAR
D REPEAT
Figure 5. Status of 2000 Canada goose trap sites, Twin Cities Metropolitan
Area, Minnesota.
150
t/
( )
.-
-
Õ 125
"C
r::
m 100
t/
r::
.2 75
-
m
(.)
o
...J 5 0
'I
. Locations
m Cities
'I 'I'
'I
"I
'I
-
o
'- 25
( )
"Q
E
::::J
Z
0
N '" v It) U> ~ 00 '" 0 .... N '" v It) U> ~ 00 '" 0
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 '" "'. '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" 0
'" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" 0
.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... N
Year
'I
'I 'I 'I
'I
'I
"I l- I.
.I .I ~... .I 0::\
I- ~' ;\:' ~'::
'I I- ~' ~' ,,' ~~ ~~
'I 'I ~ I. I.. .I .I ~" ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~'::
.I 0::' ~' ~' '" ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~'::
.I ;:..:' ~' ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~'::
.I .I ~. I- ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~'::
~' ~~ ~, ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~
,..... , '.
~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~'::
\:~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~'::
\;~ ~~ , , ~~ ~~ ~~ ~'::
~~
Figure 6. Damage complaints resulting from Canada, Twin Cities Metropolitan
Area, Minnesota, reported during the 1982-2000 period.
150
"
., .,
"
.,
'I
.,
., 'I "
.,
., I,
I.
S:' , 2::~
" ,,'
'I , , ~~ ~~ ~~
,,' ~.
I. ~~ ,,' ~: ~~ ~~ ~~
" " S:' ~~ ~~ ~: ~~ ~~ ~~
I. " '. I. ~' ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~
., ., :S::' ,,' ~, S:' ~~ ~~ ~~ ~: ~~
" ~~ ,,~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~
~' ~: ~, ~, ~~
" " I- ~: ~: ~~ ,,~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~: ~~ ~~ ~~
.~ ~~ ~.: ,,' ~: §~ ~, ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~
, . ~:': ~~ , . ~: ~~ ,~ ~~ ~~ ,~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~:<
U)
Q)
.-
~
o 125
"C
c:
ca
U)
c:
o
.-
-
ca
(,)
o
...J
. Locations
~ Cities
100
75
50
-
o
.. 25
Q)
.a
E
;:]
z
0
'" '" ... '" <0 to- co '" 0 ~ '" '" ... '" <0 to- co '" 0
co co co co co co co co '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" 0
'" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" 0
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '"
Year
Figure 6. Damage complaints resulting from Canada, Twin Cities Metropolitan
Area, Minnesota, reported during the 1982-2000 period.
250000
225000
200000
Y = 8.7861e-177 . A
175000 10^(9.0836e-2x)
s:::
0 R^2 = 99.7
- 150000
ca
-
::J 125000
a.
0
a. 100000
75000
50000 B
25000
0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Figure 7. Projected Twin Cities Metropolitan Area Canada goose population
growth (A) and1968, 1974, 1984, 1994, and 1999 population estimates (B).
400000
g 300000
-
..
:>
Co
o
c. 200000
100000
y = 1.6B5ge-2 . 10^(7.5906e-2x)
R^2 = 0.945
"
100
Figure 8. Canada goose population estimates for southern Ontario 1967-99.
"
o
60
70
80
90
Year
,..__...~~~~ 1beJoumal of1be Royal Sodetyforlhe PromoIIon of Health: 1999,119 (3~
Canada goose (Branta canadensis) d~lngS
as a potential source of pathogenic bacteria
C J Feare, M F Sanders, R Blasco and J D Bishop
CMs J Feate, SSe, PhD, Departmant 01 Pure and Applied Biology. University 01 Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT and WildWmgs Bird
Mahagement 2 Nørlh VIØW Cottages, Gmyswood Common, Haslemem, Suney GU2l 2ON, UK
Mike F Sanders SSc, MSe, Cantral ScIence Laboratory (MAFF), Sand Hutton, Yorl< Y04 1U
Ray Blasco SSe, Canlral ScIence Laboratory (MAFF), Sand Hutton, Yorl< Y04 1U
Julia Slshop SSe, Canlra1 ScIence Laboratory (MAFF), Sand Hutton, Yorl< Y04 1U
Address for correspondence: Professor Chris Faare, WildWings Bird Management, 2 NOI1h VieW Cottages, Grayswood
Common, Has/emere, Surrey GU2l 2DN
Key words
Canada geese; disease ñsk; public health
Abstract
Can.da goose dropping<, oollcxud in parks.o which
the public had oca:ss, wm saec:tÌcd 10. a nnge of
baacria ma. oould be pathogenic in man..
Dropping< of Can.da goae; and other ...œrtowI.
did oont2ÍO such bo=ia, including some that arc .
wdI-lmown auses ofillness in man. These ~ .
pI~.a species of SaImond/4diit Was érperimcntally
úiocular.cd in,o' dropping<; weiC shown .0 survive
.;.d ..;wdpIY in the droppinf¡.lOr up .oorn: month
after thår dcposidon by g<cSc. Can.da gc..c nngcd
fuith<r JÏom warcr dun other waœrfom species and
thUs disttiburcd thår droppingsover a Iaqia area of
'. ¡wkgrassland. TIús morc widc:sprcul disttibudon of
thår droppings leads Canada go:s< '0 pose a gra.er
porcnå:d hcalthrisk dun other watcrfuwl stUdied
'hc'rc, bu...ru.Dons in hwnan responses to cI1211cngo
with 'baacria, arid variadons in· human and
~œrfowI behaviour in public parlå, rendas·
quanå6aåon of dùs risk impossible. ..
,
,.
146
Introduction
In Britain, the inaoduced populadon of Canada go:s< Bmn/4 C41IIllImsis Iw
undergone a rapid inacasc in numbers and nnge since the 19605 (Gibbons
"aI, 1994) and this inacasc oondnues in some mas. The mas favowal by
Can.da go:s< include grassland .."..;...,¡ with wa<e:, bodie¡, habitats tha. arc
lOund in many wi>an and rwal paries, r=rvoûs and golf COUI>CS (Allan "aI,
1995). Many of thtS< mas arc used by humans lOr =adon and people
involved in leisure: acàvides arc thus likdy.o oome in.o oontaa with the largc
droppings (Kcar, 1963) from the increasing populacions of go:sc. Dropping<
arc unsighdy and fouled mas can be slippery, presencing a po.encial hcalth
Iuzan:I (Conover and Ousco, 1985, Allan "aI, (995). A further hazard
could emanarc if the droppings contain pathogenic organisms which arc
transmissible to man. There arc few recorded incidences of disease in Canada
g= (Maddux" a/, 1987, Shaycgani "aI, 1984), but baaena that may
infta man have no! been sought in Canada goos< droppings.
The risk of humans contracting infections from bird droppings
depends on:
1) the presence of pathogenic organisms in the droppings;
2) the survival of thtS< o<ganisms in the droppings after theit d<pOsidon on
the ground;
3) the frequenc)' "ith ,,1>ich Canada go:s< deposit droppings, and the
disttibucion of these droppings in mas wherc humans arc likely '0 oome
into conua v.ich chern.
In addicion, of course, humans vary in their suscepcibiliry ro infcaion,
depending upon their immunological responses, bur dùs f.¡ctor was be)'ond
the sr.ope of this srudy.
In order to investigate the risk of people coming into conua y,im
porcncially pathogenic o<ganisms in Canada goose droppings, the authors
screened fresh droppings colltaed from parklands in England, examined
swvival of bacteria, both nanually-occurring and inoculated, in droppings
exposed to narwal environmental condido"" and observed the defaecadon
behaviour of Canada g= .0 derennine how droppings wet< d<pOsired in
space and rime.
In addicion, the dropping< of a nnge of oommon nad"" wa.crfuwI spcåes
wet< examined in oIder .0 dtttmÚne whether the pathogen loadings of
The Journal of The Royal Society for the Promotion of Health September 1999 Vol 119 No 3
~
I
---...--
__'_no' ._
Canada goose droppings and pathogenic bacteria
............................................................................................................
FIGURE 1
The abundance of naturally occurring Enterobacteriaceae (colony
fanning unlt!lg dIy weight) and moisture content (%) of Canada
goose droppings during the 28 days alter the fresh droppings were
placed In a grass compound under natural environmental
conditions. Days of heavy rainfall are Indicated.
Colony Iom1Ing units
per gram 01 dry weight
1.00E+10
1.00E+(I!
1.00E+08
1.00E<07
% moisture
content
Rain
/
Rain
/
1.00E+06
on g¡ on on on on
'" '" '" '" '"
c. c c c c '3
" " " " " ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ M
~ ~ N '" '" 0
N N N
Date
_ Colony fonning units per gram
on
'"
'3
~
:g
on
'"
'3
~
~
on
'"
'3
~
M
Canada geese were similar to tho~ of other
watcrfowl. Also invcstigated was native
waterfowl fdng and ddåccarion bduviour,
for comparison wirh Canada g=.
Methods and materials
Collection of faecal swabs and
bacterial identification
Fa=! swabs were colleered from fresh
Guuda goose droppings during me summers
ofl993and 1994. In 1993,six London parks
wen: sdc:aed on rhe bas~ of rheir having a
large ltSident Guuda goose popularion rh,u
used me Pand >= to feed, so p=ring
oppommiries for contla wirh humans. In
1994, twdve sites wen: s:unpled, including
sites in London, sourh-GlSt England and
Yotkshin:, norman England.
Ax C!ch site, fifry swabs wen: collected
during August and September by
continuously observing appmndy healmy
g= and aking a s:unple from droppings as
~ % moisture
soon as mcy were produced. These were
labelled, n:friger.ued overnight >< 40(; and
!:!ken hack to rhe laboratory for analy:;~.
In 1995, droppings of a range of omer
species of waterfowl mat ocau commonly in
public pouks, berh narive and aoric ¡peåes,
were colIecrro opportuniscially at sires in
soumem England and in Yodcshin:. These
samples We:le: uc:arc:d in che: same: way as the:
Canada goose droppings. Narive waterfowl
were mallard Ana¡ plaryrhynchUJ, COot
Fulica aJr4, moorhen GaUinula chkiropUJ and
mure swan C~U1 %r, and c:xocic species
wen: grey-lag goose Anstr ans", bar-hC!ded
goose Ans" indicus, wood duck Ai<
gakriculat4, Muscovy duck Cairi""
moschata, and domesric g= and ducks
Am" sp. and Anal sp.
In 1993, idcntificarion of Entn'o-
blSCtnÚ1crll< isolated on MacConlcey agar
(Oxoid &sing<toke, UK) was n:saiacd ro
enteropamogenic Eschmchia coli of Cbss I.
100
90
80
70
80
50
40
30
20
10
o
. s.JmmJJ¡, and ~ opcåcs ......
also loolœd fo~ but in 1994 the
idcntifiœion proccdun: was """"ded ro
identi/ÿ other members of Entn'o-
~and Yminiaspecics.
Campytobader
F.Iccd swabs were incubated acrobicalJy in
Pn:ston Campylobaacr sdcaivc enrichment
broth (Oxoid, Basingsroke, UK) for 24 hours
:or 42'>C. A IoopfuI of me broth was sucakcd
onro Bualcr Campylobaacr scIcaivc agar
(Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) and Ìnalb:lted
under miaoåerophilic condirions (Oxoid gas
generating kit BR56) for 24-28 hours :or
42"C. Platcs wen: observed for typical
~ colonics that wen: identified
by the API Campy system (Bio Mérieux),
Enterobacteriaceae
EntmJbat:taiM~a~ we:re isolated by
enrichment in buffered peptone warer
(Oxoid, Basingscokc, UK). Swabs were
broken off into 10nù volumes of buffeted
p<ptone water and incubated at 370(; for 24
hours bcfon: sucalring on to plates. The
enrichment medium ....'as plated on
MacConlcey agar (Oxoid, Basingstokc, UK)
and incubated for 24 hours at 370(;. Isolated
colonies were picked at random. on platc::5 of
Brain H= Infusion A,,= at 370(; before
being idenrified wirh rhe ..IJ'I 20E system
(Bio M¿rieux).
Salmonella species
Salmon~/la species were: isolated by
enrichment in buffered peptone water at
370(; for 24 hours foUowed by selective
enrichment in Rappaport.VassUiadis brom
(Oxoid, Basingstokc, UK) and incubated at
420(; for 24 hours. Plates of XID agar
(Oxoid, . Basingsroke, UK) and bismum
sulphite agar (Oxoid, Basingstokc, UK) were
sucakcd wirh loopfuls of me Rappaport
brom and incubated fOt 24 hours at 370(;.
Suspect colonies were puritied overnight on
platesofBr:Ün H= Infusion~ at 37<>C,
identifiClrion was limited 10 me API 20E
sysran (Bio M<rieux).
Yersinia species
Swabs wen: incubated in buffeted peptone
water for five d2y:; at 25<>C. Plates of Yminia
selective medium (CIN medium, Oxoid,
Basingstokc, UK) wen: rocaItcd wirh rhe
peptone water and incubated overnight at
37"C. Suspect colonies ,,"en: stn:akcd ooro
br:Ün h= infusion agar bdOn: testing wim
Canada goose droppings and pathogenic bacteria
............................................................................................................
~'!f ~~j~:lt%1;1¡~~
'..
Aoin.'圷èoico.._ '.
..~==::r;:;/
Eo....<Üdoc ...~... :.:-
E.gglo",."... ....:.
Ed0aca8;; ..,
Genus ¡;"t."obecIeo
Esd""isdia coli l'
Genus I:sc:heñscNa
HeInia _
lOebsieIaoxytoca
K pne<m>nIae .
KIuyvera spp.' .'
Genus Proteus
Providenciamgetli
Salmonella spp. .
Genus SemIÌia.
\IIbrio rnetscm'kovli
.....
, .
'.
-. -.
"
8.,.
.~ .
0::,"
o
14
O'
042
4',
86
o
o
8
o
o
o
2
12
2
. ~.2
'.1-····0
t
..
....
~ '.'. ~, ,.", .'n
" ~.":
66 34 21 '24
.:. '22.. ....-,..-;...-....
2 042' 0
0 0 '. 6 22
,
0 0 2 0
28 8 14 0
14 22 22 48
14 48 32 8
« 48 8 48
54 2 86 0
0 10 0 0
2 0 0 0
0 4 8 O.
2 0 0 0
8 0 0 ·.0
0 0 0 . ~ 44
8 20 0 0
18 56 12 8
0 32 6 0
'''.'''"
..·0
:2
8
o
40
100
o
o
o
4
o
o
o
o
6
o
London pal1< london go~ London pari< SE Eng pal1< London pal1<. London pal1< .
course
..
Acinetobader caloo y;¡¡, Iwofli 12 '''0 . 0 0 0 0....1....'............
Aeromonas hydroPh;J. 6 0 o. 28 12. 32'¡':. :: '~.:'
CiIrobácter freundû . . 0 26 0 40 8 0
"."'-" En1erotiader aerogei1es 2 0 34 0 0 .. 0' "·::;:·x.':·
Eagg~ 14· 56 0 .. 0 0 32. :.,..,.;
:.,.-;. .Edoacae. .,.. .- .6.'. 50 10 100 . .14 54
Genus Enterobadec' 10.·. 74 0 0 14 -' :':.4. .'
('.... .. "
. Escheñsc:hia 0JIi 1,.;¡.:,·,..·~~;'~;'';' .76· 52 ,. 100 30 ~OO,'...".>,..:..:
~
Genus Escheñsc:hia .18 0 0 0
Hafnia alvei 0 0 0 0 o o· ,
..
KIebsieII3 o><ytcëa .~ 0 10 100 10 2 22
t
K pneumoniae 6 0 4 0 0 0
touYYera spp. 0 0 64 56 44 0 .
Genus Proteus' 0 0 0 0 0 .0 ""
- mgetIi 0 0 0 18 0 0
Salmonella spp. 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0
Genus Sarcalia 18 0 36 0 100. 0
\IIbrio metschnikovii 0 0 0 0 0 0
148
The JOurnal of The Royal Society for the Promotion of Health September 1999 Vo/119 No 3
-
I
,
the API20E system (Bio Máieur).'
Survival of baáeria In deposited
droppings - survival It naturally
occurring Enterobacteriaœ
100 fi<sh droppinp """'" œIlcx:D:d in June
1995 and pL=i lOan oput in . gross
compound whidt was fenced off 10 prevenl
them being trampled and dcsaoycd by
animals or humans. The survival ofboaaia
was mOlùlOred IÌom 15 June 10 13 July by
coUeaíng 10 drnppinp at four 10 1M day
in<avals.
Samples were kept cool (40C) during
transport 10 the bboralOry. Baaeriological
analysis, for either lotal numbers of
EnttrrJbiU:tma<tiU or specifically for the
presence of S. ntwport, was begun within
three hours.
For the F.nttrrJ~"'" 0.25g of fucal
nurcrial was added 10 4.75ml of cold (40C)
sterile buffered peplone water in . univasaI
bottle, and allowed 10 stand for 30 minuteS.
From . dilution series, overbid pour pbres
were prepared with violet red bile glucose agar
(Oxoid Basingsloke, UK). Plates were
incubated at 370C for 24 hours and loed
typical Enrmbaæri4J:ta<-type colonies were
counted.
Survival of bacteria in depos~ed
droppings - survival of inoculated
Salmonella newport
Salmon<u" nwport is a typical =ple of a
Salmonata species which awes food-
poisoning in man; it dcxs nm normally
oa:ur in bird droppings bUI is obtainable
commercially. Its survival in Canada goo~
droppings was assessed during 8 August 10 4
5q>temb<r 1995 (a hOl dry period) and
again &om 12-25 September (w.umand
wct, morC' cypical of Bricish summeß, and
dùs trial was curtailed by heavy rain wlùch
washed Ihe droppings into the soil).
Approximately 100 fresh Canada goose
droppings WCte collected, homogcnisc:d at a
slow speed in a domesric food blender and
&vided into rwo equally sized samples, Onc
sample was inoculated with a culture of S.
nwport (American Type Culnue Collection
no, 6962) grown overnighl in nument broth
at 37oC, 10 give . final concenttarion of
approximately 10' 10 10\ colony forming
uni", (CFU) per gram. The sample was
homogenised again co ensure. an even
disnibucion of S. ntwport. in' the faecal
marerial, Approximately 50 typical Canada
~.
Canada goose droppings and pathogenic bacteria
..............................................................................................................
FIGURE 2
the abundance of naturally-occuning Enterobllcterlaœae and of .,
Salmonella (colony fonnIng unllslg dry weight), and moisture content
(%),In reconstfI:uted Canada goose droppings after experimental
inoculation wItII Salmonella newport 6962;tflls organism was
IdentIfted at each sampling date. The obselvation period, 8 Augustto 4
September 1995, was predominantly hot and ~ry.
Colony laming units
pel pn r:I dry weight
1.00E+10
1.00E+09
1.00E+œ
1.00E<07
1,OOE+06
1.00E+05
1,OOE<04
1,OOE+03
1,OOE+02
1.00E+01
1.00E+OO
% moisIure
content
Rain
/
100
90
80
70
80
SO·
40
30
20
10
o
OSAug95 14Aug95 21Aug95 29Aug95 Q4Sep95
Date
_ Total Enterobactenacaceae count (cfulg) c:::J % moisture
I1m!!iiI Total prewmptive Salmonella count (cfutg)
goose sized faecal peIICts were prepared by
squeezing the material through . domestic
piping set. A cancrol sample was treated. in
the same way. but was not inoculated. with s.
mwport. These dropping samples were
placed in a grass compound. fenced as
above. Ten samples were collected for
analysis every four to five days, and in
addition to Salmona/a nroJport, the
abundance of narurally ocæring Enrm-
bartniiKtlU that were pr~nt in the samples
was also analyscd as .bove. For Salmoneu"
n<wport, 0.25g of faecal material was .dded
[0 4.75m1s of cold (4oq sterile buffered
peptone water in a universal bottle, and
allowed 10 stand for 30 minutes. The sample
was mixed 10 resuspend the con=", before
the prcparacion of . dìlucion series and
plating OUt OntO Xylene lysine
Deoxycholate agar (Oxoid Basings[oke,
UK) and incubated at 37<>C for 24 hours,
Both rhe XLD and buffered ¡><p[one water
prc:-cnrichment broth W(re incubated. at
370C for 24 hour.;.
After incubation, colonies having the
typiai appearance of Salmoncllae on XLD
(red colonies with black centres) were
cowned. From randomly sdtned colonies
S, ntwport was posirivdy identified by a
bacteriophage b4Sed bioluminescent
detection technique (Sanders and Blasco,
1997). In dùs technique a bacteriophage
with a MOwn talget specifiàry is added 10 a
culture and the mÏXrurc incubated, During
the incubacion period, infection of specific
IalgtI haaeri. with bacteriopluge oo:urs,
and the phage r<plicacion cycle begins. AI
the end of the replicacion cycle talget
bacteria burst, releasing bactcrial ATP wlùch
is mc:asured by a bioluminescence assay.
Canada goose droppings and pathogenic bacteria
..............................................................................................................
TAGLE 2
t:r~~~~~.uiMe~~~~~~~
;..,.,.., I!'CIPO!",. ,~..u;~,..,. ,.....=''''''''''c....:.J::~"" .., ..;..:.='~~~i'f.~,ifl::
,. .~Uy..~~......1I1115,f!'Oìi!'WIiIc;h~~....-.-·"¡,·'.>!'-.::~'~,.::..;.:·~;.:'i:·;;"
. . irn:mó,.-:.it ...t.:,·;p.:..~~~~~f4\Wr¡\:.~·;,~..~~\'~}~6.'jr~~~..¡;t'·.;: . . - ';"...·,....~~..-:..-~.,.~~.;.kff..'t v~~~.),:I~:_,....·.
.... ·:\:~:f,~~;AA~;.~;.;~~¡~~.,:;~~ j':~ ·;:;~.~~:¡.!;<.;k':;f~i;.·i);..:ri...;:··. .~:.;.:;.~..:~~~!~~,;,';.:~.'.,~:.:..:>/;. ',"
·1~if~;~:;;i: t~E;~~?:~~,~$1¡~~;:~;~~£:·,.~; .;;;..;.."J..~;.c~..::";....:<,., '"
No. of dro IpIngs umpIod'
:. :'~:';.;~~-..;.,;:~."21..::.:. ':,~ ~tf~':' ~
53
":: ."
Et~~ogeo~. .
E.agglol,""";; '. .
E. cioai:øØ"
GeOOs EscheriÓchIa'
EmiL _. -;. ~
E.calldass 1
E. calldasS2
. .
E. hermannIi .'
KIebsIeIIiI~
Proteus rnIrabiiS, "::'
Genus Pseudomoi1as
Salmonella op¡L. '..,:
GenusSemltia~': .
'.
100'
'66
74
19
47
92
42
o
62
100
19
47
66
.;-;-:..:..;.....
,'..10.:';...;:'·;"'.:>'·24 .:;.
. . .,.~:~.:"::~<:;'-;:i~~: .;....;.;~:..., .;.
100 ,,':.
100
70
o
80'
60
40
10
70
100
o
100
100 :
21 J:~;Z .-. ::. ·,f~'-,~l::·.!·..· :J ;i:. :':.' :. .
'. ;'.'.;."~:
. '..
: ;.~..::...~:.~' ....:. ~'. ::: ..
100
63
,63 .
21
75
79
58
13
58
100
21
33
63
100
95
48
o
76
100
38
o
90
100
o
76
95
, ,
.,
100
100
0'
O·
o
100
o
o
·0
100
o
100
o
'.
Bini species Grey-lag goose Wood duck Muscovy duck Domestic goose' Domestic duck '
:
No. of droppings sampled 34 1 4 6 4
.
.
EnteJObacter aerogenes 100 100 100 100 100
E. agglomefäns 62 0 50 100 0
E. doacae'''''''''''' "".', " 71 0'"'''' "-.. "·50 .. 100 50
Genus Escherischia 15 0 50 0 0
E.caII 82 100 50 50 0
E. coIidass 1 100 100 100 100 100.
E. coli dass2 . 15 0 50 50 50
E. hennannii 15 0 0 0 0
Klebsiella pneumoniae 0 0 100 50 50
Pmteus rrirabif~ 100 100 100 100 100
Genus Pseudomonas f 15 0 50 0 0
Salmonella spp. 32 0 50 50 50
Genus Serratia 82 0 50 100 0
Environmental mon~oring
Nr tcmpcmun: "... recorded by Monolog
daaloggas (Whamun) and r:Linfall was
recorded loca11y. Th, moistun: comenr of
droppings was obr:Lined by weighing
droppings bcfon: and after drying in an oven
at 1050(; for 20 hours.
Behaviour of waterfowl in relation to
the distribution of droppings
Study s~e
Observaåons on warcrfowl bcluviour 'wen:
made at Pctwonh Pnk, West Sussex, wit"" a
bkt and surrounding grassland. [0 wlUm the
public MV' =. supported c. 130 Canada
g=. In addiåon, mute: swans C;~nus OW"
moorhen Ga/Jjnu/a chlorapus, COOt iiJiaz
amt, and mallan! AlIas p/myrhynchus wen:
""ident, and a flock of c.26 gn:yIag g«se
150
The Jòumal of The Royal Society for the Promotion of Health September 1999 Vol 119 No 3
--
!
Canada goose droppings and pathogenic bacteria
...........................................................................................................
FIGURE 3
lhe abundance of naturalJy-occumng Enterobðcterlaceae and of
Salmonella (colony fanning unlts/g dlY weight), and moisture
content (%), In re-constltuted Canada goose droppings after
experimental Inoculation with Salmonetla newport 6962; this
organism was Identified at each sampling date. lhe observation
period, 12 to 25 September 1995, was one of heaVy rain, which after
the latter date washed the goose droppings Into the soli, precluding
further sample collection.
Colony bming units
per gram of dry weight
1.00E+11
1.00E+10
1,OOE<OO
1.00E+iJ8
1.00E+07
1,OOE+06
1.00E+05
1,OOE+04
1,OOE+03
1,OOE+02
1.00E<{J1
, ,OOE+OO
% moisture
content
.,
~
~
~
.-
i
t
~
'.
<
f
100
90
80
70
80
50
40
30
20
10
o
~
,
.~
12 Sep 95 18 Sep 95 25 Sep 95
Date
_ Total Enterobaderiacaœaa count (cfulg) c:=¡ % moisture
I;';'.', ,.'I Tota! presumptive Salmonella count (dulg)
AIUtT am" visited pcriodicilly,
Field observations
Dawn to dusk (c.0500h to 2100h)
observ'uions were undertaken on five days in
July and Au,,"USt 1995, On och cia); the
nwnber of \Vétrerfowl was counted ~ery 30
min and the &seance &om the: \vater ~e of
och bird, and its activity (feeding or loafing.
the lattet including preening and resting)
were recorded. From these data che
proportion of Canada geese feeding or loafing
was plotted against åme. The daily pattern of
movemenr away from the water was
described by calculaång the mean distance
from the water of each species of waterfowl at
each åme inœrval. Mean distances wen: then
calculated for each åme inteml over the Iìve
cia)' of obsetvation, with· SI2Í1daId emJtS
based upon clay-to-day variaåon in this mean
distance; this method produces huger. but
more re:alisåc, scmdard errors dun those
based on individw! distances.
To cscimarc the distribution of Canada
goose droppings over (he grassland.
dropping rates were measured for geese
when feeding and when loafing. The times
bc:rween successive defaecarions of 64
Canada geese were measurcd wiili a stop-
watch and mean intervals for feeding and
loafing birds were compared using a H('Sr.
These dropping intervals were then used to
determine the mean number of droppings
deposited at PetwOnh pcr clay in rdaåon to
bitt! activity and distance from the water.
The average mass of a dropping was
determined for Canada 'geese, mallard and
moorhen by colleaing 10 £ìcsh droppings,
oven drying at 5O<>C and weighing.
Results
Bacterial content of droppings
In 1993. the samples collected from six
London parlcs showaI that Canada goose
. dropping< did harbour bactetia potenåally
pathogenic to humans: 6ve species within
the Enkro~ (EscIxrisdna coli Oass
1, EntmJbadn' CÚJ4c"', Salmantlla sp.,
AtromoIW hydrophila and I'rovúImCÚt
akafjfadms) were fOWld but no
ûtmpylabadn' wete detected. The
proportion of droppings containing
potenåally pathogenic organisms detected
by the analyåcal procedures used in 1993
varied between sites from 6% to 44%.
Using the extended scm:ning procedure
in 1994. aU dropping< from each of the twdve
sires were shown to contain baacria of
potenå:l1 pathogaûåty to man. Thirteen
geneta were rqm:sented in the =ples (fable
1). SalmoneUae were found at three sites, aU in
Yorkshire, with up ro 2oo,. of droppings
conaining these baaeria; the semrypcs of
these were not established. &htrirlWz coli
Oass 1 were fOWld at aU sites, occurring in aU
of the droppings at one Yotks/úre and twO
London sites. Czmpylobannand Yminia spp,
were not found.
All droppings of (he othcr species
examined contained porcmially pathogenic
blcteria (fable 2), and the r.mge of these was
broadly similar (Q mar found in Canada
geese.
Survival of naturally-occurring
Enterobacteriaceae
Bacteria belonging to the EntmJbai:ltriaa(Jt
group swvived in the goose droppings for
the full 28 clays of the uial (Fig, 1). After an
initial fall. the moisture comen[ remained
relacively constam and the bacteria
cominued co incre:ase in numbers for the
first 19 clays of the trial, until i, t:Ùned,
Heavy t:ÙnfaU in early July washed the
baaeria out of the droppings and into the
soil; however, as moisture levels feU once
more:, remaining bacterial levels rose.
Survival of inoculated Salmonella
newport
S, nnuport 6962 was dctected at each
=pling clate and was demonstrared to
survive in goose droppings for the 28 and 14
cia)' of the twO Dials, even though heavy
t:Ùn occurred throughout the second trial
(Figs. 2 and 3). Bacteria belonging to the
Canada goose droppings and pathogenic bacteria
.-.....-....-..........-.................................................................................
BAt.' .~ gmup apin sum..d in
the pee chopping> lOr the ÑII duraåon of
the aWs. .s: nnuptn1 was not isoIaœd fiom
control samples wbid1 wae not ani6c:WIy
conlalllÎlWl:d.
Behaviour of waterfowl in relation to
!he ólStribu!ion of droppings
From dawn until c.0830h and fiom
c.1800h 10 dusk. most c.n.cIa geese wae
fading (ñg. 4). During the remaincI<r of
the clay, some bùds fed but most lime was
spent loafing. When gœjng. c.n.cIa geese
movod away. Iiom the _ erpIoiång
gmsIand up 10 100m Iiom the worer edge.
When loafing. howoYa; they ranained dose
10 the _ usually widün 20m (Fig 5).
Other woterfowl ""re pR:Sellt at
Petworth in much mWler numbers. Coot
and moodten wae ..... fading on land
throughout the day. root nornWly widUn
10m of the Wateß edge and moodten within
20m (FJg. 6), both without any marked
dium:d pattern. Coot that loafed on land
did so at the worer's edge and on the one
ocasion when mOOlhen were seen lD2fing
on land, they r<:nuintd widUn 5m of the
water. M2IIanIloafed widUn 5m of the water
throughout the day and fed hen: imgubrly.
M2IIanI only fed further Iiom the water.
generally within 15m. only when
encouragtd to do so by picrûckers, although
a single bird was once ..... feeding about
100m &om ml: v,'ater. The: three: mute swans
present did not g= on land, but
occasionally Icnftd on land at the water's
edge. Greylag geese were present on only
two of the obse""åon days and only arrived
in the park in mid-morning. Their
behaviour was similar to Canada geese; their
arrival was fonowed by a period of fceding
up to 100m Iiom the water. fonowed by a
period ofloafing within 20m of the warer.
Towards dusk, birds resumtd feo:ling and
again moved further Iiom the lake.
The interval berween droppings of
fceding c.n.cIa go=, 347.7 ± 27.08 (s.e,)
= (n=39), was significancly shaner than
that for loafing birds, 648.3 ± 72.77 =
(n=25)(t=4.47, p<O.OOI). The mean dry
weights of 10 droppings of cluee waterfowl
species wen:: Canada goose 1.1 ± 0.09 g;
mallard 0.3 ± 0.05 g; mOOlhen 0.2 ± 0.04 g,
The disuibuåon during the day of
fading and loafing Canada geese on the
grass at Perworth Park, and the rates of
FIGURE 4
1he mean II'O IOItIons ofa ftockofc.130 Canada geese that were
feeding or loaftng eveIV05 hours throughouttlve days In July to
August, 1995, at Pelworth Pal1c, West SUssex óJ
Prt>portb. ..lv -/D
rtblrds ~-
0.8
0.6
FEEDING
0,4
02
0
§ 8 ~ ª 8 § 8 ~ 8
0 !5 :;! ::: N
Time
FIGURES
The mean distance from the water's edge, at Petworth Park lake,
West Sussex, that c. 130 Canada geese fed or loafed at 0.5 h Intervals _J)..
throughoutflve days In July to August, 1995 ....I. ,}:,., ,,~,.-
Mean dIstance ~0P ""::.J~
fromwater(m) ~. f\ Vo-'''''U'
¡p . Jp r-^
100 ~ . C;Ü
\.
80
80
40
20
.'..
0
§ 8
0 !5
1.
r " T ..
'. " _¡ i:' ,
.....J ...... .... · ~ .......
§
~
8
N
8
M
§
8
:::
o
o
g¡
ª
lime
__ Feeding
............ Loafing
152
The Jo~mal of The Royal Society for the Promotion of Health September 1999 Val 119 No 3
Canada goose droppings and pathogenic bacteria
....................................................................................................................
FIGURE 6
The mean distance from the waters edge, at PetwortI1 Park lake,
west Sussex, that coot and moor1Iens fed or loafed at o.s hour
Intervals throughout five days In July to August, 1995
Mean dislanœ
from water (m)
':
COOT
20
10
0
¡;¡ 8 ~ ª ~ ~ 8 ~ 8
~ ::: N
0 0
Tune
~ Feeding
Mean distance
from water (m)
50
MOORHEN
40
30
20
10
.
0
0 8 0 0 0 0 0 8 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
~ ~ '" " ~ :: ~
0 0 0 N
TIme
~ Feeding
deposicion of droppings by feeding and
loafing birds, were used [Q compute the
likdy distribucion of droppings deposited
over the grass during a day. Most droppings
were deposited within 10m of the w:,ucr.
mainly by loafing birds (Fig 7), F=ling
birds deposited droppings fiuther from the
water, with over 1.000 droppin¡¡l c:scimared
to be distributed on grass,'ovtr 50m av.~y
from the warer each day,
Discussion
This study has demonstrated that the
droppings of Canada geese and other
waterfowl contain bacteria, and that these
bactma CU1 survive in ~ppings for up [0
four weeks (and possibly longet) under
condirions prcvailing in swnmcr in Britain.
'Ibc fònging behaviour of Canoda &=
diIIèø Iiom chat of 0Ibcr wataIOw\ spcå<s
(<=p< possibly greylag pse) at Petwotth
pm, in mat these: &= range funher fÌ'om
the watet's edge than other species and
fe<ding birds deposit dropping. over a wider
area of grassland. ReguIat, but unquamilied,
observation of watcrlOwl behaviour in SL
James'. Hyde and &.:gentS l'atks, and
Kensington Gan:!cns, all in London,
confitmed that these: diffct<nces in
behaviour wac also typical of rhcsc: wban
parks. Canada goose dropping. arc Wget,
and may thw SUIVive on grassland fat
longer, than those of smaller wildfowl, If
baaeria prescnt in the droppings arc
pathogenic to nun, then the droppings of
waterfowl could represent a potcnti21 health
ha72rd in = used for tcCtC2tion by
humans, and Ouuda goose dropping. lt12y
present a greater risk than other species
through their mote wid"'l'rcad distribution
over recreational grassland, and through
their I~r sÌ1.c. Curttnt increasing tftnds in
the British populations of greylag g=
(Marchant "al, 1990) and mute swans
(Waters and Cranswick, 1993) could,
however, lead to these birds posing similar
risks when they occur in urban parks,
Many of the bacteria isolated from the
goose f.teaJ swabs do have the potcnåal for
human pachogeniå£}'. which under a:ruin
conditions could lead to ¡nfcaion and
disease, notably diarhhoa. and gas(fO~
enteritis. Some of the baaerial isolates are
also normal inhabitants of the human
intestinal Hor.¡, c.g, EntmJbaan-, Citrobaan-
and Vibrio species, whereas others ;.rc not,
e.g. Aaomonas, Salmo~lla and lGuywra
species. E coli is the moSt common aerobic
organism in me g:¡strointestinal tract of man
and many other animals. but while some
Su:llns are non~[Qx.igcnic ochers, such as £
coli Class It are enteropathogenic and Clpablc:
of cawing diarrhoea. Species of Sabno",U.
ate well-known causative agents of food
poisoning in man.
Baaerial' infections could occur after
exposure [0 a conwninated environment.
for example through swimming in
contaminated water or me ingestion of food
inadvcrtcncly contaminated with goose
b.o:c:s. The extent of the infection often
depends on the number of pathogenic
organisms mar penetrate the host's tissues
. - .. Þ
_~..__.u.. ...__.__",_~..nnn "....1....011.1...")
153
Canada goose droppings and pathogenic bacteria
··....~.....u....u........................................................................................
FIGURE?
Calculated numbers of Canada goose droppings deposited per day
on grassland at different distances from the water's edge by feeding
and loafing bIrds, Petwor1h Par1c, West Sussex
Number of
droppings
3,500
3.000
2.500
2.000
1.500
1,000
500
o
_ Feeding
c::J Loafing
Distance from water (m)
31ld suf\i\'~ its namraJ defences. Due (Q this.
the definition of an 'Înfeaivc' baac:riaJ dose
to humans in 3 sample:, of contaminated
food is ofren diffirult and depends on man~'
facrors. In ord~r (Q ca~ S)mpcoms of food
poisoning. bJ.crc:ria must, after jng~on.
either coloni51: or invade: the: gut tpichdium
of the: hoSt, first overcoming host d¿c:nœs.
Host dd'enœs are variable, depending. for
example: on the: age:, immunological starns
and general health of ,he indi\'idual
(Varnlum. 1991). Apan from being a
""hide of infeCtion, the food itself ~ an
important Daor in du: initiation of food
poisoning; the infccrivc: dose: may ~ lower
in foods of high fat or protcin coment. due:
to me: protection of the: baac:riaJ alL~ /Tom
gastric 4cidity (Fontaine ~r tIl, 1980).
Howcva-, w1m organisms having a knO\m
low infectivity level. such as Salmo",U.
species (10'_10' bacterial cells), the
indication of their prc:sc:ncc is enough to
assume an infective dose (Blaser and
Newman, 1982).
It ~ difliru1t '0 sa)' "ith an)' degr« of
«craine)' that ingestion of an)' of the bacteria
154
wouJd cause disease. because of vari:Hion
bct\l.'~n sl.LSCCpÜble human hosts and the
,irWencc of the strain, but there remains the
possibility d13t 3 number of the speci;:s
detected in this srud)" couJd cause disea...<t
g1\'c:n the right copclitions.
Furmer vari.ation in susceptibility to
infection may be imposed by human
behaviour during recreational activities in
parks inhabited by C.nada geese. For
example. children who pia)' with balls are
more likely to contact faecal materia! with
their hands than are adults who do not pia)'
in the pàrks, and children with
contaminated hands ma)' be more likely to
u'2nsfer some of this contamination [0 the
moum man are their parents.
This invcstig:uion has not been
exhaustive and screening for viruses and
incernaJ parasites might have revealed mher
organisms harmful to man, Similarl)', other
potencially harmfu] bacteria might ha"e
been prc:sc:m in the droppings but were
either nOt sought or were nOt detected; for
example. the refrigeration of the swabs in
~his study may have reduced. the
detecability of OzmPlIoINu:ter. This
organism Iw been ~ fiom SMnl
bird species (Casanovas a J, 1995;
1úpenind and Roset, 1983; Oyarzabal.. it/,
1995; S"unpson and Euden, 1991) and
passage to humans Iw been demon.saared
(Hudson..it/, 1990; Souman..it/, 1990).
,'In conclusion, this stUdy Iw
demonstta.ted that baaeria. presen' in
w.ttetfow droppu.g:.amstÍwte a po'enåal
health risk to humans wing parldand for
reacotional activities. Funhamore, through
their behaviour, Canada geese nuy pose
more of a risk than other common
waterfowl species. Variations in human
responses '0 challenge by potentially
pathogenic organisms. and vari2tions in
huma.n beha.viour during recreational
activicic:s, howeva, preclude the possibility
of quan,ifying the risk of contracting an
infeCtion from ,he birds. Nevertheless,
proplc: participaång in recreational a.ai''Íties
in parks where w3.terfow1 (and other
animals) are present should take adequate
precautions before preparing or eating food
or drink.
Acknowledgements
nus srudy W;lS funded by the Department of the
&wironmem. We aœ grateful for this $uppon. and
to the Imdowners md park authorities who P\"C:
pcnnis:;ion for me samples [0 be collected on their
property. [0. Grorge Watola for coll~ing me
samples in Yorkshire, and to Steve: Langton for
$U!ÎstjcaJ ad\;cc.
References
AllAN) R KIRBY J S >r>d FEARE C J (1995),
ll}e biology of Canada g~ Brant4 tan.adrnsis in
rdation [0 the mm2gemCC1t of fer.¡) popul.uions.
"7,tdliftBwfogy.1.129-143
BlASER MJ and NEWMAN LS (1982), A ",i""
ofhumm salmondlosis: I. Infective dose. Rn·¡'if«t
Did. 1096-1106
CASANOVAS L. DE SIMÚN M. FERRER M D.
ARQUÉS J >r>d MONZÚN G (1995), I",,,rin~
arriagc oi ompylo1naers. salmonc:D2.S. yc:rsinias
and listerias in pigeons in [he city ofBaret:lona.} .-4¡tp
Bact; 78, 11-13
CONOVER M R >r>d CHASKO G G (1955),
NuÎsana: Canada goose: problems in the eastern
United SUtcs. \\"IildJift Soc Bull:. 13. 228-233
FONTAINE R G, COHEN M L. MARTIN \\'T
,nd VERNON T M (J 980), £rid,mie
salmondlosis ITem ched<Ùr ch~ $urveillanee :rnd
p",oention, Am} Epidnnwfogy. 111.247-253
GIBBONS D W. REID J B and CHAPMAN RA
(1994). The new 2tW ofbrccding birds in Briwn
andlrebnd:1988-]991.London:Po~
HUDSON S ), SOBO A O. RUSSEL K and
UGHTFOOT N F (1990), ),ckcbws.. po""WI
The Jouma! of The Royal Society for the Promotion of Health September 1999 Vol 119 No 3
-
1
,
souta: of milk-bome Campylobacœr jcjuni
infcaion. úmar, 335. 1160
KAPERUND G and ROSEl' 0 (1983). AYian
wildlife .......,¡, of Campyloboau ..... subs¡>.
jcjwú. Ycnini2 spp. and Salmonella ssp. in Norw>y.
App"", .nJ &vi,..mmuJ MimJb~ 45.
373-380
IŒARJ (1963), Theogricultur.d imporano: of wild
goosedroppmg.. W'~ 14.72-77
MADDUX R 1.. CHENGAPPA M M and
MCUUGHUN B G (1987). Isolation of
Minobacillus suls fiom a Canada goose (8.....
rmwInuU). J W'JJJ;fi Dit; 23. 483-184
MARCHANr J H. HUDSON R. CAKIER S P
and WHITTINGTON P (1990), Popuhúon
Canada goose droppings and pathogenic bacteria
..u.........................................··....···..··..···......··.....................................
ucnds in Briåoh b=ling bUds. Tring; Briåoh Trus<
lOr Omid1ology ,
OYARZAIIAL 0 A. CONNER D E and HOERR
F J (1995). Inådcnr:c of ampylobocn:rs in doc
inlCSlÍn< of avian spccics in AW>ama. AviD> Dir, 39,
147-151
SANDERS M F and BlASCO R (1997). A npid
and specific ATI'-basod boacrioph.g¿ mcdia<cd
dctcaion lOåuûquc lOr vioblc Salmoodla in milk. In
A practical guide ro indusrrial uses of ATI'-
Iwnincsccno: in npid mkrobioIogy. 95-98. (P
SanIcy. RSmitbcr. and W Simpson, cds.) Üngfidd:
c... TcdmoIogy LnI
SHAYEGANI M. STONE W B and HANNETG
E (1984), ^" outbreak ofbotu1ism in wa,afow and
By larvae in New Yod< Swc. J W'JJJ;fi Dit; 20.
86-89
SIMPSON V Rand EUDEN. P R (1991). Bitds,
milk and Campyloboau. úmar, 337, 975
SO\T11iERNJ Po SMrtli R M M and PAlMER
S R (1990). Bini atadt on milk bonl", possible
mode of mnstn.ission of Campylobaacr jejwù to
man, úmar, 336. 1425-1427
VARNHAM A H (1991). In, Foodbornr
patbogon£ an iIIUS02<cd = 11. (A H Vamham,
and M G &an.. cds). Aylesbury. Wolfe Publishing
WATERS RJ and CRANSWlCK P A (1993). The
wedand bin! SUM: ' 1992-93, wildfowl and wader
counts, Slisnbridge BTO/WWffRSPBI NCC
CAMPBELL KNUTSON
rc .~......,'
RECEIVED ~/
OCT 1 3 2000
Professional Association
Attorneys at Law
CITY OF CHANHASSEN
Thomas J. Camphell
Roger N. Knurson
Thomas M. Scott
Elliott B. Knetsch
JodJ.Jamnik
(651) 452-5000
Fax (651) 452-5550
...
Andrea McDowcll POt.'hlcr
M<1uhew K. Brok[*
John F. Kelly
Matthew J. Foli
Marguerite M. McCarron
Gina M. Branùt
Direcf Diat: (651) 234-6215
£·nwil Address: rknutson@Ck.law.com
~ At;" ¡¡ù'md in \\;'jK'J!1 ¡n
october 10, 2000
Ms. Kate Aanenson
City of Chanhassen
690 City Center Drive, Box 147
Chanhassen, MN 55317
RE: RELIGIOUS LAND USE AND INSTITUTIONALIZED PERSONS ACT OF 2000
Dear Kate:
Enclosed is a copy of the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of
2000 recently signed into law. The law replaces the Religious Freedom Restoration Act.
42 U.S.CO § 2000bb et seQ.. which the United states Supreme Court declared
unconstitutional. Boerlle v. P.F. Flores, Archbis/lO/1 of San Antollio. 521 U.S. 507 (1997).
The new law attempts to overcome the constitution problems contained in the
old law. We won't know for several years whether the attempt is successful.
The law provides in part that no land use regulations:
y may totally exclude religious assemblies from a jurisdiction,
y may unreasonably limit religious assemblies, institutions, or structures within a
jurisdiction.
y may treat a religious institution on less than equal terms with a non-religious
institution.
y may discriminate against a religious institution.
Although these requirements may appear benign. the full meaning will take
many years to determine. Historic presentations and church expansions are the most
likely areas that will be affected by the new law.
Suite 317 . Eagandi,le Omce Center . 1.380 Corporate Center Curve . Eagan, MN 55121
· .
Ms. Kate Aanenson
City of Chanhassen
October 10, 2000
Page 2
Please call if you have any questions or concerns.
Re
BY:
Roger N. Knutson
RNK:srn
Enclosure
cc: Scott Botcher
Sharrnin AI-Joff
Bob Generous
II
Calendar No. 684
l06TH CONGRESS s. 2869
2D SESSION
To protect religions liberty, and for other purposes,
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
JULY 13, 2000
1111'. HATCH (for himself, 1111'. KENNEDY, 1111', HUTCHINSON, 1111'. DA,SCHLE,
1111'. BENNETT, 1111'. LIEBERMAN, 1111'. SCHUMER, and 1111', SMITH of Or-
egon) introduced Ùle following bill; which was read Ùle first time
JULY 14, 2000
lkad the second time and placed on the calendar
A BILL
To protect religious liberty, and for other purposes.
1 Be it enaded by tlw Senate and House of Representa-
2 tives of tlw United States of America in Congress assembled,
3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
4 Tills Act may be cited as the "Religious Land Use
5 and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000".
6 SEC. 2. PROTECTION OF LAND USE AS RELIGIOUS EXER-
7 CISE.
8 (a) SUBSTA,"<TlAL BURDENS.-
"
2
1 (1) GENERAL RULE.-No government shall im-
2 pose or implement a land use regulation in a manner
3 that imposes a substantial burden on the religious
4 exercise of a person, including a religious assembly
5 or institution, unless the government demonstrates
6 that imposition of the burden on that person, assem-
7 bly, or institution-
8 (A) is in furtherance of a compelling gov-
9 ernmental interest; and
10 (B) is the least restrictive means of fur-
11 thering that compelling governmental interest.
12 (2) SCOPE OF APPLICATION.-This subsection
13 applies in any case in which-
14 (A) the substantial burden is imposed in a
15 program or activity that receives Federal finan-
16 cial assistance, even if the burden results from
17 a rule of general applicability;
18 (B) the substantial burden affects, or re-
19 moval of that substantial burden would affect,
20 commerce with foreign nations, among the sev-
21 eral States, or with Indian tribes, even if the
22 burden results from a rule of general applica-
23 bilityj or
24 (C) the substantial burden is imposed in
25 the implementation of a land use regulation or
~f! 28i¡g pcs
3
1 system of land use regulations, under which a
2 government makes, or has in place formal or in-
3 formal procedures or praetices that permit the
4 government to make, individualized assessments
5 of the proposed uses for the property involved.
6 (b) DISCRIMINATION AND EXCLUSION.-
7 (1) EQuAL TERMS.-No government shall im-
8 pose or implement a land use regulation in a manner
9 that treats a religious assembly or institution on less
10 than equal terms with a nonreligious assembly or in-
11 stitution.
12 (2) NONDISCRIMINATION.-No government
13 shall impose or implement a land use regulation that
14 discriminates against any assembly or institution on
15 the basis of religion or religious denomination.
16 (3) ExCLUSIONS AND LIMITS.-No government
17 shall impose or implement a land use regulation
18 that-
19 (A) totally excludes religious assemblies
20 from a jurisdiction; or
21 (B) unreasonably limits religious assem-
22 blies, institutions, or structures within a juris-
23 diction.
.8 2869 pcs
4
1 SEC. 3. PROTECTION OF RELIGIOUS EXERCISE OF INSTITU-
2 TIONALIZED PERSONS.
3 (a) GENERAL RULE.-No government shall impose a
4 substantial burden on the religious exercise of a person
5 residing in or confined to an institution, as defined in sec-
6 tion 2 of the Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act
7 (42 D.S.C. 1997), even if the burden results from a rule
8 of general applicability, unless the government dem-
9 onstrates that imposition of the burden on that person-
10 (1) is in furtherance of a compelling govern-
11 mental interest; and
12 (2) is the least restrictive means of furthering
13 that compelling governmental interest.
14 (b) SCOPE OF APPLICATION.-This section applies in
15 any case in which-
16 (1) the substantial burden is imposed in a pro-
17 gram or activity that receives Federal financial as-
18 sistance; or
19 (2) the substantial burden affects, or removal of
20 that substantial burden would affect, commerce \vith
21 foreign nations, among the several States, or with
22 Indian tribes.
23 SEC. 4. JUDICIAL RELIEF.
24 (a) CAUSE OF ACTION.-A person may assert a viola-
25 tion of this Act as a claim or defense in a judicial pro-
26 ceeding and obtain appropriate relief against a govern-
:ß 2869 PCS
,.
5
1 ment. Standing to assert a claim or defense under this
2 section shall be governed by the general rules of standing
3 under article III of the Constitution. . '
4 (b) BURDEN OF PERSUASION.-If a plaintiff pro-
5 duces prima facie evidence to support a claim alleging a
6 violation of the Free Exercise Clause or a violation of sec-
7 tion 2, the government shall bear the burden of persuasion
8 on any element of the claim, except that the plaintiff shall
9 bear the burden of persuasion on whether the law (includ-
10 ing a regulation) or government practice that is challenged
11 by the claim substantially burdens the plaintiff's exercise
12 of religion.
13 (c) FULL FAITH AND CREDIT.-Adjudication of a
14 claim of a violation of section 2 in a non-Federal forum
15 shall not be entitled to full faith and credit in a Federal
16 court unless the claimant had a full and fair adjudication
17 of that claim in the non-Federal forum.
18 (d) ATTORNEYS' FEEs.-Section 722(b) of the Re-
19 vised Statutes (42 U.S.C. 1988(b» is amended-
20 (1) by inserting "the Religious Land Use and
21 Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000," after "Reli-
22 gious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993,"; and
23 (2) by striking the comma that follows a
24 comma.
.s 2869 PCS
...
6
1 (e) PRISONERS.-Nothing in this Act shall be con-
2 strued to amend or repeal the Prison Litigation Reform
3 Act of 1995 (including provisions onaw amended by that
4 Act).
5 (f) AUTHORITY OF UNITED STATES To ENFORCE
6 THIS ACT.-The United States may bring an action for
7 injunctive or declaratory relief to enforce compliance with
8 this Act. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to
9 deny, impair, or otherwise affect any right or authority
10 of the Attorney General, the United States, or any agency,
11 officer, or employee of the United States, acting under any
12 law other than this subsection, to institute or intervene
13 in any proceeding.
14 (g) LIMITATION.-If the only jurisdictional basis for
15 applying a provision of this Act is a claim that a substan-
16 tial burden by a government on religious exercise affects,
17 or that removal of that substantial burden would affect,
18 commerce with foreign nations, among the several States,
19 or with Indian tribes, the provision shall not apply if the
20 government demonstrates that all substantial burdens on,
21 or the removal of all substantial burdens from, similar reli-
22 gious exercise throughout the Nation would not lead in
23 the aggregate to a substantial effect on commerce with
24 foreign nations, among the several States, or with Indian
25 tribes.
.s 2869 PCS
'.
7
1 SEC. 5. RULES OF CONSTRUCTION.
2 (a) RELIGIOUS BELIEF UNAFFECTED.-Nothing in
3 this Act shall be construed to autl:wrize any government
4 to burden any religious belief.
5 (b) RELIGIOUS EXERCISE NOT REGULATED.-Noth-
6 ing in this Act shall create any basis for restricting or
7 burdening religious exercise or for claims against a reli-
8 gious organization including any religiously affiliated
9 school or university, not àcting under color of law.
10 (c) CLAIMS TO FUNDING UNAFFECTED.-Nothing in
II this Act shall create or preclude a right of any religious
12 organization to receive funding or other assistance from
13 a government, or of any person to receive government
14 funding for a religious activity, but this Act may require
15 a government to incur expenses in its own operations to
16 avoid imposing a substantial burden on religious exercise.
17 (d) OTHER AUTHORITY To IMPOSE CONDITIONS ON
18 FUNDING UNAFFECTED.-Nothing in this Act shall-
19 (1) authorize a government to regulate or af-
20 fect, directly or indirectly, the activities or policies of
21 a person other than a government as a condition of
22 receiving funding or other assistance; or
23 (2) restrict any authority that may exist under
24 other law to so regulate or affect, except as proVided
25 in this Act.
.8 2869 pcs
.
,
8
1 (e) GOVERNMENTAL DISCRETION IN ALLEVIATING
2 BURDENS ON RELIGIOUS EXERCISE.-A government may
3 avoid the preemptive force of any provision of this Act by
4 changing the policy or practice that results in a substan-
5 tial burden on religious exercise, by retaining the policy
6 or practice and exempting the substantially burdened reli-
7 gious exercise, by providing exemptions from the policy or
8 practice for applications that substantially burden reli-
9 gious exercise, or by any other means that eliminates the
10 substantial burden.
11 (f) EFFECT ON OTHER LAw.-With respect to a
12 claim brought under this Act, proofthat a substantial bur-
13 den on a person's religious exercise affects, or removal of
14 that burden would affect, commerce with foreign nations,
15 among the several States, or with Indian tribes, shall not
16 establish any inference or presumption that Congress in-
17 tends that any religious exercise is, or is not, subject to
18 any law other than this Act.
19 (g) BROAD CONSTRUCTION.-This Act shall be con-
20 strued in favor of a broad protection of religious exercise,
21 to the maximum extent permitted by the tenns of this Act
22 and the Constitution.
23 (h) No PREEMPTION OR REPEAL.-Nothing in this
24 Act shall be construed to preempt State law, or repeal
25 Federal law, that is equally as protective of religious exer-
.~ 2869 PCS
I
9
1 cise as, or more protective of religious exercise than, this
2 Act.
3 (i) SEVERABILITY.-If any provision of this Act or
4 of an amendment made by this Act, or any application
5 of such provision to any person or. circumstance, is held
6 to be unconstitutional, the remainder of this Act, the
7 amendments made by this Act, and the application of the
8 provision to any other person or circumstance shall not
9 be affected.
10 SEC. 6. ESTABLISHMENI' CLAUSE UNAFFECTED.
11 Nothing in this Act shall be construed to affect, inter-
12 pret, or in any way address that portion of the first
13 amendment to the Constitution prohibiting laws respect-
14 ing an establishment of religion (referred to in this section
15 as the "Establishment Clause"). Granting government
16 funding, benefits, or exemptions, to the extent permissible
17 under the Establishment Clause, shall not eonstitutea vio-
18 lation of this Act. In this section, the term "granting",
19 used with respect to government funding, benefits, or ex-
20 emptions, does not include the denial of government fund-
21 ing, benefits, or exemptions.
.S 2869 PeS
\
10
I SEC. 7. AMENDMENTS TO RELIGIOUS FREEDOM RESTORA-
2 TION ACT.
3 (a) DEFINITIONs.-Section 5 9f the Religious Free-
4 dom Restoration Act of 1993 (42 D.S.C. 2000bb-2) is
5 amended-
6 (1) in paragraph (1), by striking "a State, or
7 a subdivision of a State" and inserting "or of a cov-
8 ered entity";
9 (2) in paragraph (2), by striking "term" and all
10 that follows through "includes" and inserting "term
II 'covered entity' means"; and
12 (3) in paragraph (4), by striking all after
13 "means" and inserting "religious exercise, as defined
14 in section 8 of the Religious Land Dse and Institu-
15 tionalized Persons Act of 2000.".
16 (b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.-Section 6(a) of the
17 Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 (42 D.S.C.
18 2000bb-3(a» is amended by striking "and State".
19 SEC. 8. DEFINITIONS.
20
21
22
23
24
25
In this Act:
(1) CLAIMANT.-The term "claimant" means a
person raising a claim or defense under this Act.
(2) DEMONSTRATES.-The term "dem-
onstrates" means meets the burdens of going for-
ward ,vith the evidence and of persuasion.
.~ 2gG9 pcs
!
11
I (3) FREE E.'ŒRCISE CLAUSE.-The term "Free.
2 Exercise Clause" means that portion of the first
3 amendment to the Constitution.. that proscribes laws
4 prohibiting the free exercise of religion.
5 (4) GOVERNMENT.-The term "government"-
6 (A) means-
7 (i) a State, county, municipality, or
8 other governmental entity created under
9 ' the authority of a State;
10 (ii) any branch, department, agency,
I I instrumentality, or official of an entity Iist-
12 ed in clause (i); and
13 (iii) any other person acting under
14 color of State law; and
15 (B) for the purposes of sections 4(b) and
16 5, includes the United States, a branch, depart-
17 ment, agency, instrumentality, or official of the
18 United States, and any other person acting
19 under color of Federal law.
20 (5) LAND USE REGULATION.-The term "land
21 use regulation" means a zoning or landmarking law,
22 or the application of such a law, that limits or re-
23 stricts a claimant's use or development of land (in-
24 eluding a structure affIXed to land), if the claimant
25 has an ownership, leasehold, easement, servitude, or
.s 2869 PCS
..
,
12
1 other property interest in the regulated land or a
2 contract or option to acquire such an interest.
3 (6) PROGRAM OR ACTIVITY.-The tenn "pro-
4 gram or activity" means all of the operations of any
5 entity as described in paragraph (1) or (2) of section
6 606 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 D.S.C.
7 2000d-4a).
8 (7) RELIGIOUS EXERCISE.-
9 (A) IN GENERAL.-The tenn "religious ex-
10 ercise" includes any exercise of religion, wheth-
11 er or not compelled by, or central to, a system
12 of religious belief.
13 (B) RULE.-The use, building, or conver-
14 sion of real property for the purpose of religious
15 exercise shall be considered to be religious exer-
16 cise of the person or entity that uses or intends
17 to use the property for that purpose.
.S 2869 PCS
,,;
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~ Metropolitan Council
n Working for the Region, Planning for the Future
,.-.' / " \
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(;:. '~vv,
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((.
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October 13, 2000
RECEIVED
OCT 1 6 2000
CITY OF CHAr~HA::'::'t:.I'
Scott Botcher
City Manager
City Of Chanhassen
690 City Center Drive
Chanhassen, MN 55317
Dear City Manager Botcher:
I am writing to invite your participation in the Metropolitan Council's review of its policies for
the region's Rural Area. As the Metropolitan Council continues its efforts to align its tools and
policies to be the region's leader in smart growth, we want to ensure that the preservation of
agricultural land, open spaces and significant natural resources receives careful attention,
Council Chair Ted Mondale has established a Rural Issues Work Group to focus on Rural Area
policies and issues. Members of the work group are the eight Metropolitan Council members
whose districts include the region's rural areas. I chair the work group and the other work group
members are John Conzemius, James Nelson, Todd Paulson, Julius Smith, Saundra Spigner,
Natalie Steffen, and Roger Williams.
The work group began meeting in June to /Tame issues and develop a work plan to address
policies related to the region's Permanent Agricultural Area, Pennanent Rur8.l Area and Rural
Growth Centers. Work group members were also asked to consider the Council's role in the
protection and management of the regIOn's aggregate resources--a topie that has fine,] work
group agendas through the month of October,
In November, the work group will review Rural Area policies, with a series of meetings focused
on each of the Rural Area land use types: Permanent Rural; Rural Growth Centers; and
Permanent Agriculture. The work group's study ofthese topics is expected to continue into the
first quarter of 2002 and will include many opportunities for members to hear /Tom local
governments, environmental and advocacy organizations, state agencies and others with interests
and ideas about these topics. Work group conclusions and recommendations will then be
incorporated into future revisions of the Council's Regional Blueprint.
Work group meetings are scheduled for the first and third Wednesdays of each mont.'l /Tom 1 :00 --
3:00 p.m. at the Council's Mears Park offices in St. Paul. The latest information about upcoming
work group meeting dates and agendas is posted on the Council's website,
On behalf of the Council's Rural Issues Work Group I encourage you to attend work group
meetings, track progress through the agendas posted on the Council's website, and contact your
Council member to share your comments and concerns. If you would like to be included on the
mailing list for the Rural Issues Work Group, please contact Jan Gustafson, Council staff, at (651)
602-1384, Council members look forward to working with you on this important policy study.
Sincerely,
¡f(~-xa.... ~
Marc Hugunin
Rural Issues Work Group Chair
230 East Fifth Street St. Paul. Minnesota 55101·1626
(651) 602-1000
Fax 602-1550
TDD/TIY 291-0904 Metro Info Line 602-1888
An Equa.l Oppor1W1iru Emp!m¡er