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4 Variance for 9372 Stone Creek Drive CITY OF CHANHASSEN +. BOA DA TE:6/30/98 7/14/98 CCDATE: 7/27/98 - CASE #: 98-5 V AR By: Kirchoff:v STAFF REPORT PROPOSAL: A request for an I I foot variance from the 30 foot rear yard setback for the construction of an enclosed porch. LOCATION: Stone Creek Drive (Lot 24, Block 3. Creekside Addition) - '? a: j J 1.. L :( APPLICANT: Kim Beauclair 3120 68th Street E. lnver Grove Heights, MN 455-3247 ( Contractor) Chris & Craig Winter 8372 Stone Creek Drive Chanhassen, MN 797-490 I (Owner) PRESENT ZONING: ACREAGE: Approximately 20,000 sq. ft. DENSITY: N/A ADJACENT ZONING AND LAND USES: N: RSF, Single Family Residential S: RSF, Single Family Residential E: RSF, Single Family Residential W: RR, Rural Residential t - ~ LJ WATER ~D SEWER: Available to the site PHYSICAL CHARACTER: The site is a wooded lot near the westerly Bluff Creek tributary. A single family home with an attached garage exists on the site. - - ') 2000 LAND USE PLAN: Low Density Residential J(Jj fi;o~/ · - _1----- ~i[\);::~""" rTTf7 / ..;;:.. , I.\' ...... fJ81. '. _--r ~ ~ - r \ r:J.. r.::1. , . , ~~ '\L . F L , ~ t--\-- J lw .Park. / ~,\-L\ . '-111 T ~~_.cJ ~r ~IIIII'~ ~ ,', ~ '\1- ~,...,_;-,_ ). ( \ ;~ ~. ~. Lake Ann I )~ ~ ) ., " Late > 1 ADD ~.-, Park \ ~ ) C -::-. ~~\ ~ ~ ',\~~~'/ . ~ 1~-- : M<<Jmn~ \0 ~..~ 1 = .~~ y:ij;~ ,. L LJ;~VCou.l~ ~~ ---rz U ~~ t6 ..- ,\(1 , ., "'i;. ~. ---..c-.-.oufter 8lvd~ } ~M ~... or~~ARIA~CE REQU, ~~'re::~~ .. ~i-)' /". / "fJl'f~,1 ~ c ~ ..~ ~'L~ J ~ ~. ,~'lfl Api 1----1 1li. ~t!?' V 1 J\UJi7 ,~r-\t :::i~\ ; 3Bj"- E~ rcl)'( ~ \ T -c- ~~ I ~ I---lu ~St;rOee.t-J~k .... Li J ::.1iJ~l ~. ~.-~* ...:: "--,- ---- =-- - 1'\ 7~// -*$, t1'1/ ~ / / I I 1 eou~ ~ --4 v, rJ !'" \ : 4i ~ < ~ ,..l.TlT\.\ ll' /) ~ ' \"'A /}- =st ~ > ~ - .,iz ~T J II I.f vv: ~ ~ ~<c ~ ) c:r~~ v~ JV~' ~keDt' ~~",~~rll \~~\ '~~vr-:~E:3i1 'Tr'~~~~' ~ rk i\~ I~~'~ '~~~~ c:~\ t:[l I\\. ~~\J.~- eel L r ;- w: " fL Llll!'\\ Lan B --- - \/~~ ,....., 1/ ._, , _._ c. }. ~ " . ~~~~ ~";;J~~, ym ,jft/0 . '","" ". ~,~~- ' ^'\ Y1~1\ \ rIJ.L/f!lei ~~ /^ ?'Jj~~D I ot .... l ~ >/<\1\'Ii I If!=:- (~~:lf-~ ~ par~ t::J /0. "\ I "'J I t:t- c:::J ~ ~ )('" ~ \ ~ \ \\ \\ ~-f // ( !:l ~ :::!. ~ Beauclair Variance July 27, 1998 Page 2 APPLICABLE REGULATIONS Section 20-6 I 5 states that in single family residential districts the minimum rear yard setback is 30 feet. Section 20-908 states that decks may encroach 5 feet into a required rear yard setback. Section 20-908 states that stairs and necessary landings may encroach 6 feet into a rear yard setback provided that it does not extend above the entrance floor of the building. BOARD OF ADJUSTMENTS AND APPEALS UPDATE On June 30, 1998, the Board of Adjustments and Appeals tabled this application in order to have staff confer with the city attorney about changing the subject property's rear yard into a side yard. The city attorney responded that the zoning ordinance would have to be amended and the amendment could create unanticipated problems. Staff has included, as an attachment, illustrations on how required yards relate to the shape of the lot (Attachment 7). On July 14, 1998, the Board reviewed this application for a second time. The vote was 2 to 1 in favor of the variance, however, the vote must be unanimous. The applicant has appealed the decision to the City Council. In both meetings, the issues of rear yard setback, the Bluff Creek setback and tree canopy were discussed. They are addressed as follows: Rear Yard Setback Issue: The property's rear yard should be deemed a side yard because it abuts another side yard. Finding: The western property line is defined as the rear in accordance with the zoning ordinance. The definition of "rear lot line" is the lot line which is parallel to and most distant from the front lot line. The definition of "front lot line" is the lot line separating a lot from a street right-ol-way. This property line must maintain the rear yard setback because a "rear yard" is defined as a yard extending across the full width of the lot between the principal building and the rear lot line, and measured perpendicular to the building from the closest point of the building to the rear lot line. This property line must maintain the 30 foot rear yard setback as required in the RSF district. It is not a side yard because it abuts another side yard. Beauclair Variance July 27, 1998 Page 3 Bluff Creek Setback Issue: The 50 foot Bluff Creek setback should be considered the rear yard. Finding: According to the conditions of approval of Creekside Addition, a 50 foot setback buffer must be provided along the tributary. This setback has been recorded as a conservation easement. The City Code defines a "conservation easement" as an easement created where restrictions are imposed on the development or alteration of property to preserve natural features. This setback does not intend to provide open space between two structures, but protect the creek. Tree Canopy Issue: Relocating the enclosed porch to the back of the house would cause the removal of trees. Finding: According to the conditions of approval, trees within a 60 foot by 60 foot house pad could be removed. Any additional trees removed would have to be replaced. This lot does not have a tree conservation easement, however, clear-cutting is prohibited on lots. This report has been updated. All new information is in bold type. BACKGROUND Creekside Addition was platted in 1995. The extreme southern portion ofthis subdivision is substantially wooded. According to the subdivision conditions of approval, this lot was to be custom graded because of the physical features. The house maintains a 50 foot setback from Bluff Creek on the north. The existing home fits tightly on the lot. The applicant proposes to construct a 12 foot by 14 foot (168 sq. ft.) deck and a 12 foot by 14 foot enclosed porch in the rear yard. The deck and accompanying landing meets all setbacks because of the position of the home on the lot. The enclosed porch encroaches into the setback 11 feet. ANALYSIS The applicant is requesting a variance from the rear yard setback for the construction of an enclosed porch. This proposed porch extends 11 feet into the rear yard setback. The setback Beauclair Variance July 27, 1998 Page 4 line essentially slices the porch in half diagonally. The steps/landing for the deck extend 6 feet into the setback, however, the zoning ordinance permits this encroachment. Decks are permitted to encroach 5 feet into a rear yard setback. The deck maintains a 28 foot setback, so it complies with ordinance. However, the zoning ordinance does not permit the encroachment of enclosed porches because they have the potential to be utilized for living space. The applicant contends that without the closed porch the home owners have a hardship because the house was built for the deck and porch addition. Staff believes that the home owner created the hardship by selecting and building this home plan. The home just fits within the permissible building area of the lot. The home maintains the following setbacks: a 30 foot front yard, 30 foot rear yard, 11 foot side yard and 50 foot setback from Bluff Creek. It is so large that it cannot be situated any other way without encroaching into a required setback. Even if the 50 foot creek setback was not required and the home was placed at a 10 foot setback on the north lot line, a variance would still be required for the enclosed porch (Attachment 11). Ultimately, it is the owner's responsibility to review all zoning regulations prior to constructing a home. The owners chose the plan, therefore, they created the situation and the hardship. The application letter states that the living space will be underutilized if the variance is not approved. The proposed deck can still be built. Therefore, the home owners can still have access to and utilize the rear yard without the porch. This proposal does not warrant the granting of a variance because a hardship is not present. A hardship occurs when the owner does not have a reasonable use of the property. A reasonable use is defined as the use made by a majority of comparable property within 500 feet. A "use" can be defined as "the purpose or activity for which land or buildings are designed, arranged or intended or for which land or buildings are occupied or maintained." In this case, because it is in a RSF zoning district, a reasonable use is a single family home. The owners have a reasonable use and they can construct a deck while maintaining the required setback. The inability to construct a enclosed porch does not constitute a hardship. If this variance is approved it will negatively affect an adjoining property. The layout of Creekside Addition is such that a vacant lot lies directly behind the subject property. That is, the subject property's rear yard adjoins the neighboring property's side yard (See Attachment 5). Therefore, granting this variance will be injurious to another property. When a home is constructed on the neighboring property, the house plan will have to take into consideration the reduced setback that the subject property will be maintaining, if the variance is approved. The two homes will be placed a closer distance than would be normally found in this situation. The minimum separation between the two homes should be 40 feet. However, if the variance is approved, the houses will only be a minimum of 29 feet apart. The applicant has not demonstrated a hardship, therefore, staff does not recommend approval. Beauclair Variance July 27, 1998 Page 5 FINDINGS The Board of Adjustments and Appeals shall not recommend and the City Council shall not grant a variance unless they find the following facts: a. That the literal enforcement of this chapter would cause an undue hardship. Undue hardship means that the property cannot be put to reasonable use because of its size, physical surroundings, shape or topography. Reasonable use includes a use made by a majority of comparable property within 500 feet of it. The intent of this provision is not to allow a proliferation of variances, but to recognize that there are pre-existing standards in this neighborhood. Variances that blend with these pre-existing standards without departing downward from them meet this criteria. Finding: The applicant has a reasonable use of the property. A single family home and attached garage exist on the property. Furthennore, there is an opportunity to construct a deck on the property without a variance. The shape or size of the lot does not prohibit a enclosed porch from being constructed, the house pad placement caused the constriction. All of the homes in this neighborhood maintain the required setbacks. This variance would depart downward from the existing standards. b. The conditions upon which a petition for a variance is based are not applicable, generally, to other property within the same zoning classification. Finding: The conditions upon which this variance is based are applicable to all properties in the RSF zoning district. c. The purpose of the variation is not based upon a desire to increase the value or income potential of the parcel of land. Finding: The purpose of this request is to construct a closed porch. The outcome of this change will increase the value of the parcel. d. The alleged difficulty or hardship is not a self-created hardship. Finding: The hardship is self-created. This applicant has the opportunity to construct a deck that maintains the required setback. e. The granting of the variance will not be detrimental to the public welfare or injurious to other land or improvements in the neighborhood in which the parcel is located. Finding: The variance will pennit a structure to be located into a required setback potentially infringing on the adjoining future property owner's comfort. Beauclair Variance July 27, 1998 Page 6 f. The proposed variation will not impair an adequate supply of light and air to adjacent property or substantially increase the congestion of the public streets or increase the danger of fire or endanger the public safety or substantially diminish or impair property values within the neighborhood. Finding: The variation will enable a structure to maintain a rear yard setback that is much less than what would be found in other properties in the RSF zoning district. The deck will most certainly affect the property to the west. RECOMMENDATION Staff recommends that the City Council adopt the following motion: "The City Council denies the request #98-5 for a 11 foot variance from the 30 rear yard setback for the construction of an enclosed porch based upon the findings presented in the staff report and the following: 1. The applicant has not demonstrated a hardship to warrant a variance. 2. The applicant has a reasonable opportunity to construct a deck within the required setbacks." A TT ACHMENTS 1. Application and Letter 2. Section 20-615, Lot Requirements and Setbacks 3. Section 20-908, Yard Regulations 4. Lot Survey and Deck and Porch Elevations 5. Creekside Addition (Lots 24-26, Block 3) 6. Public hearing notice and property owners 7. Required Yards Based Upon Lot Shape 8. Minutes from the June 30, 1998 Board of Adjustments and Appeals Meeting 9. Appeal Letter 10. Minutes from the July 14, 1998 Board of Adjustments and Appeals Meeting 11. Site Plan Without Creek Setback g:\plan\ck\boa\beauclair 98-5 var.doc A I-~-\C l'l VY1~Jlt CITY OF CHANHASSEN 690 COULTER DRIVE CHANHASSEN. MN 55317 (612) 937-1900 DEVELOPMENT REVIEW APPLICATION APPLICANT: U:.c.:...d...y Q"J\\t.r,,- c.k......., ADDRESS: '..>' z~, GY"'" ST t \ ' J OWNER: CJ;I'~ f C!rt....~ w;"''''.... ADDRESS: 83'7.2 Sk/IIL c..~t D.- .~",.A'l {, ';.""l.. t.(("S l.l;, J/.1j,01.J .5"S"C )1. cJ'II" }t,.j(<',.' /;'(11/ ,:;-;5' 3/7 TELEPHONE (Daytime) {(;rtJ cjr..O--3~':'''7 TELEPHONE: c2 t l. J t.{'7C ,.- C 12 f <....-') /9] - I-f<ic 1 _ Comprehensive Plan Amendment _ Temporary Sales Permit - Conditional Use Permit - Vacation of ROW/Easements - Interim Use Permit X Variance _ Non-conforming Use Permit - Wetland Alteration Permit _ Planned Unit Development. _ Zoning Appeal _ Rezoning _ Zoning Ordinance Amendment _ Sign Permits , _ Sign Plan Review _ Notification Sign - Site Plan Review. ...x.. Es~r Filing Fees/Attorney Cost"" ($5 CUP/SPRIV ACN ARNJ AP/Metes Cl Bounds, $400 Minor SUB) - Subdivision. TOTAL FEE $/5ZJV A list of aJl property owners within 500 feet of the boundaries of the property must be included with the application. Building material samples must be submitted with site plan reviews. "Twenty-six full size folded copies of the plans must be submitted. including an aW' x 11" reduced copy of transparency for each plan sheet. ** Escrow will be required for other applications through the development contract NOTE _ When multiple applications are processed. the appropriate fee shall be charaed for each application. · NOTE. When muniple applications are processed, the appropriate fee shall be charged for each application. PROJECT NAME $v..;l..l,..l (>.vJ.. J (1..1' c:,IJ,l'G-.) LOCATION ~ 1"1 z.. S-i,;/.J~ (:".ut,. D.r LEGAL DESCRIPTION Lc:.+ .z If l3lklt ]. , s.:.4-f(~.I(vv c, ~h It:(!.. PRESENT ZONING ( {s,<tt'LL..; REQUESTED ZONING ,'~~ 1r2,:.L" PRESENT LAND USE DESIGNATION v, '" oe .. REQUESTED LAND USE DESIGNATION L,U,~ Sp/''-'"'' /N,rl.. REASON FOR THIS REQUEST (lL~1 Jk.~ /P..,:L, />;t:L~ ok P,.-vcJ.? o.k... L......; .<.....~ , This application must be completed in full and be typewritten or clearly printed and inJst be accompanied by all information and plans required by applicable City Ordinance provisions. Before filing this application, you should. confer with the Planning Department to determine the specific ordinance and procedural requirements applicable to your application. This is to certify that I am making application for the described action by the City and that I am responsible for complying with all City requirements with regard to this request. This application should be processed in my name and I am the party whom the City should contact regarding any matter pertaining to this application. I have attached a copy of proof of ownership (either copy of Owner's Duplicate Certificate of Title, Abstract of Title or purchase agreement), or I am the authorized person to make this application and the fee owner has also signed this application. !. .~... . I will keep myself informed of the deadlines for submission of material and the progress of this application. I further understand that additional fees may be charged for consulting fees, feasibility studies. etc. with an estimate prior to any authorization to proceed with the study. The documents and information I have submitted are true and correct to the best of my knowledge. I also understand that after the approval or granting of the permit, such permits shall be Invalid unless they are recorded against the title to the property for which the approvaVpermit is granted within 120 days with the Carver County Recorder's Office and the original document retumed to City Hall Records. .1 j~ V A ; ( ?.-...... ..... '-'-------- Signature" Applicant 6.-2-Cl~ Date . J//.<;'?-- Signature of Fee Owner Application Received on tp/4-f..g '6 (' 7-ff Date Fee Paid ~ 5' .W Receipt No. ~ 300 · The applicant should contact 51aff for a copy of the staff report which wfll be available on Frfday prfor to the """"',........._ 1.6 __a ___a__.l_-' _ _ _ _ _... _ _ Beauclairs Construction and Cabinetry 312068"' St. E RECEIVED Inver Grove Heights. MN 55076 - (Res.) 455-3247 (page) 608-4823 JUN 4 1998 CITY OF CHf..NH.1>.SSEN June 3, 1998 City of Chanhassen 690 Coulter Dr. Chanhassen, MN 55317 Dear Cynthia: I am a contractor and on behalf of my clients; Chris and Craig Winter of 8372 Stone Creek Dr., I am applying for a variance for the addition of a screened porch and a deck. Please have the city compile a list of property owners. I can be billed directly for the cost. Enclosed is application, t~lxcopies of the plans, transparencies and plot plans. We are requesting a variance for 5.5 feet. The owners do not currently have a deck. Provisions were made at the time of building for the addition of a deck in the proposed location. Without a variance, a usable porch/deck can not be built. Without the addition of the porch/deck, the owners would incur an undue hardship, because the original design of the house included provisions for a deck/porch expansion. Without the addition part of the homes living space is under utilized and creates a problem for future owners. The property is heavily wooded and the addition would not block supply of light or air to adjacent property. Sincerely, 2(J~ Kim Beauclair President Ii rtd(Jl11'f'(' 11( ~ ~ 20-595 CHANHASSEN CITY CODE b. For accessory structures, three (3) stories/forty (40) feet. (7) The minimum driveway separation is as follows: a. If the driveway is on a collector street, four hundred (400) feet. b. If the driveway is on an arterial street, one thousand two hundred fifty (1,250) feet. (Ord. No. 80, Art. -v, ~ 4(5-4-5), 12-15-86; Ord. No. 127, ~ 2, 3-26-90; Ord. No. 170, ~ 2, 6-8-92; Ord. No. 194, ~ 2, 10-11-93) Sec. 20-596. Interim uses. The following are interim uses in the "RR" District: (1) Commercial kennels and stables. (Ord. No. 120, ~ 3, 2-12-90) Editor's note-Inasmuch as there exists a ~ 20-595, the provisions added by ~ 3 ofOrd. No. 120 as ~ 20-595 have been redesignated as ~ 20-596. Sees. 20-597-20-610. Reserved. ARTICLE XII. "RSF' SINGLE-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL DISTRICT Sec. 20-611. Intent. The intent of the "RSF" District is to provide for single-family residential subdivisions. (Ord. No. 80, Art. -v, ~ 5(5-5-1), 12-15-86) Sec. 20-612. Permitted uses. The following uses are permitted in an "RSF" District: (1) Single-family dwellings. (2) Public and private open space. (3) State-licensed day care center for twelve (12) or fewer children. (4) State-licensed group home serving six (6) or fewer persons. (5) Utility services. (6) Temporary real estate office and model home. (7) Antennas as regulated by article XXX of this chapter. COrd. No. 80, Art. -v, ~ 5(5-5-2), 12-15-86; Ord. No. 259, ~ 11, 11-12-96) Sec. 20-613. Permitted accessory uses. The following are permitted accessory uses in an "RSF" District: (1) Garage. Supp. No.9 1210 ZONING ~ 20-615 (2) Storage building. (3) Swimming pool. (4) Ten.riis court. (5) Signs. (6) Home occupations. (7) One (1) dock. (8) Private kennel. (Ord. No. 80, Art. V, ~ 5(5-5-3), 12-15-86) Sec. 20-614. Conditional uses. The following are conditional uses in an "RSF" District: (1) Churches. (2) Reserved. (3) Recreational beach lots. (4) Towers as regulated by article XXX of this chapter. (Ord. No. 80, Art. V, ~ 5(5-5.4), 12-15-86; Ord. No. 120, ~ 4(4), 2-12-90; Ord. No. 259, ~ 12, 11-12-96) State law reference-Conditional uses, M.s. ~ 462.3595. Sec. 20-615. Lot requirements and setbacks. The following minimum requirements shall be observed in an "RSF" District subject to additional requirements, exceptions and modifications set forth in this chapter and chapter 18: (1) The minimum lot area is fifteen thousand (15,000) square feet. For neck or flag lots, the lot area requirements shall be met after the area contained within the "neck" has been excluded from consideration. (2) The minimum lot frontage is ninety (90) feet, except that lots fronting on a cul-de-sac "bubble" or along the outside curve of curvilinear street sections shall be ninety (90) feet in width at the building setback line. The location of this lot is conceptually Supp. No.9 1211 ~ 20-615 CHANHASSEN CITY CODE illustrated below. Loti Whorl Frontag. a. M'.lur.d At 8.tbaok Lln. (3) The minimum lot depth is one hundred twenty-five (125) feet. The location of these lots is conceptually illustrated below. Lot width on neck or flag lots and lots accessed by private driveways shall be one hundred (100) feet as measured at the front building setback line. Hick I Flag Lota . I I I I 100/Lot Wldt.. +--- L _._J : : -,.;. .., I .... ..... I I I I I I I L - L-_._I_..J Lot Line (4) The maximum lot coverage for all structures and paved surfaces is twenty-five (25) percent. (5) The setbacks are as follows: a. For front yards, thirty (30) feet. b. For rear yards, thirty (30) feet. Supp. No.9 1212 ZONING ~ 20-632 c. For side yards, ten (10) feet. (6) The setbacks for lots served by private driveways and/or neck lots are as follows: a. For front yard, thirty (30) feet. The front yard shall be the lot line nearest the public right-of-way that provides access to the parcel. The rear yard lot line is to be located opposite from the front lot line with the remaiIiing exposures treated as side lot lines. On neck lots the front yard setback shall be measured at the point nearest the front lot line where the lot achieves a one-hundred-foot minimum width. b. For rear yards, thirty (30) feet. c. For side yards, ten (10) feet. (7) The maximum height is as follows: a. For the principal structure, three (3) stories/forty (40) feet. b. For accessory structures, twenty (20) feet. <Ord. No. 80, Art. V, ~ 5(5-5-5),12-15-86; Ord. No. 90, ~ 1,3-14-88; Ord. No. 127, ~ 3, 3-26-90; Ord. No. 145, ~ 2,4-8-91; Ord. No. 240, ~ 18, 7-24-95) Editor's note-Section 2 of Ord. No. 145 purported to amend ~ 20-615(6)b. pertaining to accessory structures; such provision were contained in ~ 20-615(7)b., subsequent to amend- ment of the section by Ord. No. 127. Hence, the provisions ofOrd. No. 145, ~ 2, were included as amending ~ 20-615(7)b. Sec. 20.616. Interim uses. The following are interim uses in the "RSF" District: (1) Private stables subject to provisions of chapter 5, article IV. (2) Commercial stables with a minimum lot size of five (5) acres. <Ord. No. 120, ~ 3, 2.12-90) ,~.. . Secs. 20-617-20.630. Reserved. ARTICLE XIII. ''R-4'' MIXED LOW DENSITY RESIDENTIAL DISTRICT Sec. 20.631. Intent. The intent of the "R-4" District is to provide for single-family and attached residential development at a maximum net density of four (4) dwelling units per acre. <Ord. No. 80, Art. V, ~ 6(5-6-1), 12-15-86) Sec. 20.632. Permitted uses. The following uses are permitted in an IR_4" District: (1) Single-family dwellings. (2) Two-family dwellings. Supp. No.9 1213 Attc\( t/)\l yCy, r 7) ZONING ~ 20-908 increased in width or depth by an additional foot over the side and rear yards required for the highest building otherwise permitted in the district. (Ord. No. 80, Art. VI, ~ 10, 12-15-86) Sec. 20-908. Yard regulations. The following requirements qualify or supplement district regulations. Yard measurements shall be taken from the nearest point of the wall of a building to the lot line in question, subject to the following qualifications: (1) Every part of a required yard or court shall be open and unobstructed. (2) A yard, court, or other open space of one (1) building used to comply with the provisions of this chapter shall not again be used as a yard, court, or other open space for another building. (3) Except as provided in the business, industrial, and office districts, the front yard setback requirements shall be observed on each street side of a corner lot; provided, however, that the remaining two (2) yards will meet the side yard setbacks. (4) On double frontage lots, the required front yard shall be provided on both streets. Whenever possible, structures should face the existing street. (5) The following shall not be considered to be obstructions (variances granted from a required setback are not entitled to the following additional encroachments); a. Into any required front yard, or required side yard adjoining a side street lot line, cornices, canopies, eaves, or other architectural features may project a distance not exceeding two (2) feet, six (6) inches; fire escapes may project a distance not exceeding four (4) feet, six (6) inches; ~~overed stair and necessary landi~K~. may project a distance not to exceed six (6) feet, provided such stair and landing shall not extend above the entrance floor of the building; bay windows, balconies, open porches and chimneys may project a distance not exceeding three (3) feet; l.!.nenclo_sed decks and patios ma~project a distance not exceeding five (5) feet and shall not be located in a drainage and utility easement. Other canopies may be permitted by conditional use permit. b. The above-named features may project into any required yard adjoining an interior lot line, subject to the limitations cited above. c. Porches that encroach into the required front yard and which were in existence on February 19, 1987 may be enclosed or completely rebuilt in the same location provided that any porch that is to be completely rebuilt must have at least a ten-foot minimum front yard. d. Subject to the setback requirements in section 20-904, the following are permitted in the rear yard: enclosed or open off-street parking spaces; accessory structures, toolrooms, and similar buildings or structures for domestic storage. Balconies, breezeways and open porches, unenclosed decks and patios, and one-story bay windows may project into the rear yard a distance not to exceed five (5) feet. Supp. No. 10 1233 '12~ .1 <::J!JD A- i-tclCJ1 V}/<--Vllf- t C=~in:ICAi! Of: eUI=CV! FOR: CLAUSEN ; ...".-..... .-~- - '. : ..... ... .." . .~ ..' . .- ;-.~ 'rJ-- ----, -. :i-_~~/'I1 .', : -7)11- -:. - - !I'IJ .~:~_~J/ flIrt . , ,t::~A-^- # . "!" )c""" ..... f f - '" .~ I I , I I I "" , , J> " ..: -... .,; ~ :. ".-: ~ ~.. ~ :.~ " J22 ... ;. '- ..~ ..... ~""."- ! ., ~ ,"~ - - .. ~ .":- --: -:: ~-; : ,. ~ .... "> ...,-=: :~ .~ "S: -: :> ~ -3 ..~ ~ '-~ ~.~ DIAG: 945;< {;(i = 115.27 .,---- D&!'JOT&-,) ~Po~'D CofJTb\.t~. ~ DENOTES PROPOSED ELEVATION. )(1011.2 DENOTES EXISTING ELEVAllON. ,/ DENOTES DIRECllON OF DRAINAGE. s DENOTES WOOD HUB AT 11 FOOT OFFSET. _ _ _ - O"NOTI:~ S Ii I ~ T'.t-J G c:.cwiD~lt.. Lot 24. Block 3. CREEKSIDE ",: -~ '.~: PROPO<::ED FI EVATIONS:;-: -] .- GARAGE FLOOR = ,?>~:~';"I_Cdtl ;~ TOP OF BLOCK = ens." LOWEST FLOOR = ~I,.g (I'Z <:.:. . (<c'MI..) PrlJf("h ADDITION, Carver County, Minnesota. Cord,,,rs ! {"I,v. 96675HS Drw B E. a.. RUO 4 eoNe, I L. =' eu~YEYORS ~1e<Z> l.5XINa,TON Ave. NC C:~CL.E PINES, MINNEea,. .e.e.JIII'I\t,l ~,_....!:. _-I ~d' e.!:.=. , .. II ::-Z -l ~ z < ..J Q, ~ - en .~ :r ~ _ 1.. - <:!.. 7 -.) -'-:;};)J 'C , . ..... .:.. -.J ~ ::; ~ ..,) "- ~. ~'" '. ~. d l' CY -.4. L . ~ ~ ,. :) V) ~--:). .) J <; + dod a -h r 1 I I I .J '\ -..) - ~ ~ ..r . t. 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('oj (/) J I L'..J 1-- <I I-~ (/) I I LI..J ~ :" ..,. c" l' o o z C:J PROJECT: Rear Yard Setback Variance NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING BOARD OF ADJUSTMENTS AND APPEALS Tuesday, June 30, 1998 at 6:00 p.m. City Hall Council Chambers 690 City Center Drive APPLICANT: Craig & Chris Winter LOCATION: 8372 Stone Creek Drive NOTICE: You are invited to attend a public hearing about a development proposed in your area. The applicant, Craig and Chris Winter, is requesting an 11 foot variance from the 30 foot rear yard setback for the construction of a closed porch located at 8372 Stone Creek Drive. What Happens at the Meeting: The purpose of this public hearing is to inform you about the applicant's request and to obtain input from the neighborhood about this project. During the meeting, the Board of Adjustments Chair will lead the public hearing through the following steps: 1. Staff will give an overview of the proposed project. 2. The applicant will present plans on the project. 3. Comments are received from the public. 4. Public hearing is closed and the Board discusses project. The Board will then make a decision. Questions and Comments: If you want to see the plans before the meeting, please stop by City Hall during office hours, 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday. If you wish to talk to someone about this project, please contact Cindy at 937-1900 ext. 117. If you choose to submit written comments, it is helpful to have one copy to the department in advance of the meeting. Staff will provide copies to the Commission. Notice of this public hearing has been published in the Chanhassen Villager on June 1 B, 199B. ~- . I tell slq A. ! ,. e' ~.\) V" 'N 1,..1 , .J/'1~1. ONICS, INC. CLEARWATER DRIVE IETONKA, MN 55343 DAN CHUMBLER 2001 STONE CREEK DRIVE CHANHASSEN, MN 55317 rAGE DEVELOPMENT INC :OUNTY ROAD D EAST E CANADA, MN 55117 BOB & CINDY EGELSTON 2018 STONE CREEK DRIVE CHANHASSEN, MN 55317 :R F. SUTTER ::REEKVIEW COURT IHASSEN, MN 55317 MARVIN & CAROLE LUECK 2019 STONE CREEK DRIVE CHANHASSEN, MN 55317 o.EL & LAURA WOELFEL ~REEKVIEW COURT HASSEN, MN 55317 JOHN WING 2034 STONE CREEK DRIVE CHANHASSEN, MN 55317 E & KANDREA JELLE ;REEKVIEW COURT HASSEN, MN 55317 JAMES D. OLSON 2050 STONE CREEK DRIVE CHANHASSEN, MN 55317 AS BARR :REEKVIEW COURT -lASSEN, MN 55317 CONLIN CONSTRUCTION COMPANY 11840 ISLETON AVENUE NO GRANT, MN 55082 :N & DARLA YERKES :ENAISSANCE COURT -lASSEN, MN 55317 HAROLD E. SCHRUM 8297 STONE CREEK DRIVE CHANHASSEN, MN 55317 !. . ~.. TAHIR M KHAN :ENAISSANCE COURT -lASSEN, MN 55317 JERRY CORNELL 8345 STONE CREEK DRIVE CHANHASSEN, MN 55317 =IT LAWSON ENAISSANCE COURT -lASSEN, MN 55317 HESTIA HOMES INC 4885 CO RD 6 MAPLE PLAIN, MN 55359 IEN PETERS TONE CREEK DRIVE -lASSEN, MN 55317 DOUG PETERSON 8369 STONE CREEK DRIVE CHANHASSEN, MN 55317 CRAIG & CHRISTINE WINTER 8372 STONE CREEK DRIVE CHANHASSEN, MN 55317 MCKNIGHT & ASSOCIATES 14093 COMMERCE AVE NE PRIOR LAKE, MN 55372 ATV\Ctt'V1 ~T 7 I " I k '" .,... \ ~ ~~:~~\~ J~~~~ ~L 'yIRFf3I- i I~I~- --~~~~- COIZ.NE:=e. LOT 5XAM PLE5 I LSiR~-- i ~ ~~~-r~~~-- \' m \ j ~I' .;,.. sloe ~' ~ I YA~O 'Itll. I ~ , I~it~~~' ~ IJI L_~_D_l_ ~~:':~;~:J irl~ll- ,~\ ,.'~l' ~ _ _(1"Zi.W I F ~o NT, : YAI2'.C:> ' -L....a- ____L . :lTRWf ---""--- __L::>~~~-=1) f~-r ~:D>: F'~i: __-L~~ ST~lSEO-r ------...- I N T E: JZ. J 0 J<:.. LOT EXAM P LE: $ / ..c- LoT L.I.....""<;;I~ i:t:. ~~::D ~>{" I--;;:::~-~~-C:>\ I ,'.. '\ .~ ~ ~~ ~:;~;-rvzyg~~ \: SIDE 1, ",'-O.~'j:,F" ~I F~ON-r .J.\ YAll.~ " ~ ,~ ' I~, YArz.D / ' 1;11;>; , "'-~, r 4'i" ,I I 1~ I ,,-.../ _t1'&-\ '~~,~c 'l' I I I )j14 : / FIW.....' YAI2'..D " ".. ". . !__l.~_j.-1 ...L____----l "'- I I LSIDE _.:"~-=--=-_~-- "" i YAIZ.C:> ODD-SHAPED LOT EXAMPLES .',. ;. I2.EQUJ RED YARDS ~ !?UILDI~G (ZONINC;)ENVELOPE (Tv-b 01 ME: NSIOt-.JAL... ") Figure 74 301 Source: The New Illustrated Book of Development Definitions, 1993. JUL-15-98 08:12 AM SPECTERA 61247J.:::::1J.:::::1&.:::::1'35 P. (:11 ATTACHVlF?-Nr 9 tacsllftlle TRANSMITTAL - to: Cynthia Kirchoff fax#: 937-5739 re: Chris and Craig Winter Appeal date: July 15, 1998 pages: I, including this cover sheet. ~~'~(Q1~. P~i~~I\!FD fJUl15 1998 CHAI~~IK"''''''''' ,,-,"," " " "" iJt:I-'T The purpose oftrus f..1csimile is to inform you that we would like to appeal the decision of the Chanhassen Zuning Buurd of Adjustments and Appeals regarding the construction of an enclosed porch. It is our tmderstanding that the appeal will now go to the board of the city council. Please contact us if you require further information or if there is a misunderstanding of the process. Thank you. CHANHASSEN BOARD OF ADJUSTMENTS AND APPPEALS REGULAR MEETING JULY 14, 1998 Chairperson Johnson called the meeting to order at 6:00 p.m. MEMBERS PRESENT: Willard Johnson, Steven Berquist and Carol Watson ST AFF PRESENT: Cynthia Kirchoff, Planner I A REQUEST FOR AN 11 FOOT VARIANCE FROM THE 30 FOOT REAR YARD SETBACK FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A ENCLOSED PORCH. KIM BEAUCLAIR (CONTRACTOR) CHRIS AND CRAIG WINTER (OWNER). 8372 STONE CREEK DRIVE Cynthia Kirchoff presented the staff report on this item. Steve Berquist asked if the side yard setback on the flag lot is 20 feet. Kirchoff responded that it was 10 feet. Carol Watson stated that the house on the adjacent flag lot would probably be oriented in such a way that the side of the house would abut the rear of the subject property and face the driveway. Berquist stated that it is logical for a side yard to abut a side yard, not a rear yard. He explained that this variance would allow the tree canopy to remain in the rear yard. Willard Johnson stated that the porch should be placed in the rear yard because if a variance is granted, it will place pressure on the vacant lot. Berquist moved, Watson seconded the motion to approve an 11 foot variance from the 30 foot rear yard setback for the construction of an enclosed porch. Johnson opposed. The motion failed by a vote of2 to 1. Watson stated that the decision was not arbitrary because it is a unique situation. She explained that this variance will save trees in the back yard. Ms. Watson also stated that in a normal situation, the side yard would only be 20 feet. Watson stated that the house will probably be oriented so that the side abuts the rear yard of subject property and the enclosed porch. Craig Winter stated that the house on the vacant lot could be setback further than 10 feet. Watson stated that the house has to be built within the required setbacks. Board of Adjustments and Appeals Meeting Minutes July 14, 1998 Page 2 Mike Clausen, the home builder, stated that the two lots would have had the choice to share a driveway if the garage was end-loading. Johnson stated that the variance would put pressure on the vacant lot. Watson asked if the utility easements were occupied. Kirchoff stated that she is uncertain and that engineering should be consulted. Berquist stated that the power line and the creek are in the easements. Watson moved, Johnson seconded the motion to close the public hearing. APPROVAL OF MINUTES: Watson moved, Berquist seconded the motion to approve the minutes of the Board of Adjustments and Appeals Meeting dated June 30, 1998. All voted in favor and the motion carried. Watson moved, Johnson seconded the motion to adjourn. The meeting was adjourned at 6:20 p.m. Prepared and Submitted by Cynthia Kirchoff Planner r CE~i If: I CA iE Of: e,U~VE ... . ... -.' '--:-~-~--- -----, . ~:~t_f11 -. :.7)11- - - - f./'I1 ._~~~ ''1//(91 . . i; ~ :A../'-^-"- ~ o .~ 1....0 () / / / I I t , \. - .~ : -.-; : C{2~.1 dED " q -'22 "'- .:. _.< ,~ < -- ..... -' '.~ .- - - .. ~= -:: --~ ..: .... .~..: -JI ......: .-, - '0 -:! ::; -~ ~ ~ .::.~ I- _ '". ~ --. PROPOSED ELEV A TIONS:~: -~ ., GARAGE FLOOR = ,,"':.:'I.(d'1 :7; TOP OF BLOCK = ~'25." . LOWEST FLOOR = '''I,.g (\'~'~;,. . {<a/slI! Pr"f':'" ADDITION, Carver County, Minnesota. {""i,,,rs ! {'/~V 96675HS Orw B BAO Oi E. a.. RUO 4 eoN&, I..ANO elJRveyORS ~1~ UEXINGTON Ave. N' Cf!=CCI..E F'fNEe, MINNEeo' &~l"-~E>Z& T51... 1ee,-&&: -.. ~ ~ f""../ :/.r 1'7 I,,~_.. ":-1,.,. ~ "',.,,.,J,....,-..} I-~ ." " ":' )- b - CITY OF CHANHASSEN MEMORANDUM TO: Kate Aanenson, Planning Director City Center Driz1e, PO Box 147 FROM: Cynthia R. Kirchoff, Planner I 'anhassen, Minnesota 55317 Phone 612.937.1900 DATE: July 22, 1998 ~neli/I Fax 612.937.5739 ;inwing Fax 612.937.9152 RE: Outdoor Lighting Ordinance Information lic 5tlfe~)' Fax 612.934.2524 b 1l'1l'1l'.ci.cbalJ!'tlSSen.II/I/.uj SUMMARY In response to a resident's concern that many of our outdoor light fixtures are unnecessary and obtrusive, staff has compiled information on outdoor lighting ordinances. This paper reviews the following: the basic terminology of lighting, zoning ordinances from Bloomington, Maple Grove, Plymouth and Roseville, restrictive outdoor lighting ordinances from Kennebunkport, ME and Tucson, AZ outdoor lighting standards, the City's zoning ordinance and staff recommendations. BACKGROUND Basic Lil!htinl! Terminolol!v Color-Rendering Index: A measurement of the amount of color shift that objects undergo when lighted by a light source as compared with the color of those same objects when seen under a reference light source of comparable color temperature. CRI values generally range from 1 to 100. (Outdoor Lighting Manual for Vermont Municipalities) Fixture: The assemble that houses the lamp or lamps and can include all or some of the following parts: a housing, a mounting bracket or pole socket, a lamp holder, a ballast, a reflector or mirror, and/or a refractor or lens. (Kennebunkport, ME ordinance) Foot-candle: A measurement of light falling on a given surface. One foot-candle is equal to the amount of the light generated by one candle shining on a square foot surface one foot away. (Outdoor Lighting Manual for Vermont Municipalities) Glare: Excess brightness that makes it difficult to see or causes discomfort. (Outdoor Lighting Manual for Vermont Municipalities) y of C/}(lIlhassen. A grou.ing community with cletll/ Itlkes. quality schools, a cham,ing downtown, thriving businesses. and beal/tiful parks. A great pi lice to lil'e, Il'ork. and p&.v. Kate Aanenson Outdoor Lighting Ordinance Information July 22, 1998 Page 2 Hieh Pressure Sodium: A lamp with good energy efficiency, but poor color-rendering. (Outdoor Lighting Manual for Vermont Municipalities) Incandescent Lamp: A lamp with true color rendering, but with poor energy efficiency. (Outdoor Lighting Manual for Vermont Municipalities) Lightine Plan: Shows locations of all pole-mounted and building-mounted fixtures and a numerical grid of lighting levels, in foot-candles, that the fixtures will produce on the ground. (Outdoor Lighting Manual for Vermont Municipalities) Lumen: A unit of luminous flux. One foot-candle is one lumen per square foot. (Kennebunkport, ME ordinance) Parkine Lot Lighting: Allows people to comfortably and safely find automobiles and see other people. It also offers attention to the business and their products. Street Lighting: Is generally necessary to allow people to see comfortably and to illuminate hazards along the roadway. (Outdoor Lighting Manual for Vermont Municipalities) Outdoor Lif!htinf! Standards Sub9ivision and Site Plan Handbook This source provides illumination guidelines based upon the street hierarchy, the level of activity in the parking facility and the classification of walkWays and bikeways (Attachment 1). For instance, it is recommended that outdoor lighting in a commercial district located on a collector street should be a minimum of .8 foot-candles. Outdoor Liihtini Manual for Vermont Municipalities This manual reviews all aspects of outdoor lighting, rather than simply developing guidelines. It provides a good background for communities to prepare or draft an outdoor lighting ordinance. The manual states that a community can encourage appropriate lighting through the following planning tools: comprehensive plans, zoning ordinances, lighting districts (based on use), design review and public works specifications. A community can also regulate lighting through the review of a lighting plan which should be submitted at the time of site plan review. They suggest that lighting be ultimately regulated through a zoning permit. The manual states that communities should review the following fot a new project: Kate Aanenson Outdoor Lighting Ordinance Information July 22, 1998 Page 3 1. Light levels and distribution: "Light levels should be appropriate for the proposed use of the site...The applicant should be aware of the maximum, minimum, and average light levels that will be generated." 2. Pole Heights: "Pole heights should be compatible with the scale of the surrounding architecture and the scale of the site. Lights on 25 to 30-foot poles create a high 'ceiling' that shapes an outdoor space at night, giving it a grand scale.. .Lights on lower poles (10-18 feet) create a more intimately lighted space that is comfortable for pedestrians. .. Very low (42- inch) poles, called bollards, are often used for gardens and walkways." 3. Classification of Luminaries: a. Cut-Off Fixtures: "This type of fixture is the most effective in controlling glare and skyglow. Cut-off fixtures control glare by directing light well below the horizontal." b. Semi-Cut-Off Fixtures: "Because the lamp is only partially shielded, minimal glare control is provided." c. Non-Cut-Off Fixtures: "Some luminaries in the non-cut-off category are designed to be decorative or historic. . . If the luminance is low enough, the effect of glare will be minimal. " d. Floodlights: "Floodlights are designed to create a control beam oflight...Because they are installed on an angle and usually use high wattage lamps they have a very high capacity to create glare." This manual also presents light installations that should require regulation. They are the following: parking lot lighting, street lighting, gasoline canopies, exterior sales areas, sports facilities, security lighting, building facades and landscaping, signs and park areas. Since streetlights and parking lot lighting are the most prevalent type of light, they will be further discussed. Parking Lot Lighting "The guidelines for open parking facilities suggest that a basic minimum level of illumination (at the darkest point of the lot) of 0.2 foot-candles is necessary to provide adequate visibility in areas of low nighttime activity. As the activity level increases, the minimum level of illumination should also increase." Of course other activities and uses should be taken into consideration in the lighting plan. Glare can be reduced by regulating the height and type of the fixtures (Attachment 2). Kate Aanenson Outdoor Lighting Ordinance Information July 22, 1998 Page 4 PARKlNGLOTSTANDARDS Industrial! Town Center High-Density Commercial Residential Mounting Height 25 feet 20 feet 20 feet Minimum Illumination 0.3-0.5 fc 0.2-0.3 fc 0.2-0.3 fc Source: Outdoor Lighting Manual for Vermont Municipalities, 1996. Street lighting "The real issue is the degree of lighting that is needed to accommodate pedestrians and motorists without causing adverse impacts on surrounding properties." Streetlights should be installed with glare, color, and energy efficiency in mind (Attachment 3). STREET LIGHTING Industrial! Town Center High-Density Commercial Residential Mounting Height 30 feet 30 feet 30 feet Spacing 600 feet and at Main Street: 300 At intersections intersections feet only Elsewhere: 600 feet and at intersections Source: Outdoor Lighting Manual for Vermont Municipalities, 1996. A sample zoning ordinance is included in the manual (Attachment 4). Although the ordinance is general, it should be revised to include specific community characteristics and needs. No two outdoor lighting ordinances are the same, because no two communities are the same. The sample ordinance requires that the zoning permit for lighting be reviewed by either the planning commission or zoning administrator. Suburban Zonin!! Ordinances and GlarelLi!!htin!! Bloomington: (Attachment 5) Section 19.54, Parking Facility and Exterior Security Lighting This ordinance covers the lighting plans, lighting standards and intensity of lighting. Kate Aanenson Outdoor Lighting Ordinance Information July 22, 1998 Page 5 A lighting plan requires the following information: 1. Luminaries height; 2. Luminaries and standard technical specifications; 3. Intensity of illumination measured at the least point of illumination and the greatest point of illumination when measured from ground level; 4. Type of light source (Metal Halide, High Pressure Sodium, etc.); 5. Hours of illumination; and 6. Photometric plan superimposed on the site plan for each classification of lighting with points no greater than 30 feet apart. The lighting standards require that a fixture shall not exceed 30 feet (33 feet with 3 foot support) and have a cutoff angle equal to or less than 90 degrees. This ordinance does not allow the intensity oflighting to exceed one foot-candle at the property line. The following table offers an explanation: Minimum Intensity of Lighting for the Specific Uses Use Minimum Illumination I Parking Lots2 2 foot-candles 3 Parking Structures4 - Vehicle Parking and Drive 5 foot-candles Aisles Parking Structures 4 - Designated Pedestrian 20 foot-candles Walkways Pedestrian Access 5 5 foot-candles Building Entrance and Exits6 10 foot-candles Parking Structure Entrance and Exits7 35 foot-candles 1. The minimum light when measured in foot-candles at the point of least illumination when measured at ground level. 2. This shall not include parking structures or approved open storage areas for the storage of motor vehicles. 3. This may be reduced to 1.5 foot candles within 30 feet of the outside perimeter ofa parking lot curb with the approval of the Bloomington Police Department in accordance with the findings in Section 19.54(c)(l)(B)(i), (ii) and (iii). 4. This includes all parking ramps and parking structures. 5. This includes all sidewalks designated for pedestrian access. This does not include areas in an open parking lot which are not exclusively designated as pedestrian access only. Measurements shall be taken at ground level anywhere on the sidewalk. 6. When measured 10 feet from any pedestrian entrance or exit to an enclosed structure. Kate Aanenson Outdoor Lighting Ordinance Information July 22, 1998 Page 6 7. This level of light is for a minimum of 50 feet inside a 100% closed parking structure to allow for a transition zone for transient light adaptation. Maple Grove: Section 375.12, Subd. 9, Glare (Attachment 6) "Any lighting used to illuminate an off-street parking area, sign or other structure, shall be arranged so as to deflect light away from any adjoining residential zone or from the public streets. Direct or sky-reflected glare, where from the floodlights or from high temperature processes such as combustion of welding, shall not be directed into any adjoining property. The sources of lights shall be hooded or controlled in some manner so as not to light adjacent property. Bare incandescent light bulbs shall not be permitted in view of adjacent property or public right-of-way." "Any light or combination of lights which cast light on a public street shall not exceed on (1) foot candle (meter reading) as measured from the center line of said street. Any light or combination of lights which cast light on residential property shall not exceed four (4) foot candles (meter reading) as measured from said property." Plymouth: John Rask, Planner, stated that their ordinance requires that glare does not exceed one-half foot- candle as measured at the property line. Roseville: This ordinance requires that all fixtures be downcast to prevent glare on residential property. The minimum lighting levels are as follows: COVERED PARKING FACILITIES (DA Y)* General parking & pedestrian areas 5 foot-candles Ramps/comers 10 foot-candles Entrances/exits 50 foot-candles Stairwells 20 foot-candles COVERED PARKING FACILITIES (NIGHT)* General parking & pedestrian areas 5 foot-candles Ramps/comers 5 foot-candles Entrances/exits 5 foot-candles Stairwells 20 foot-candles Kate Aanenson Outdoor Lighting Ordinance Information July 22, 1998 Page 7 OPEN PARKING AREAS* General parking & pedestrian areas .9 foot-candle (high activity) Vehicle use areas I foot -candle *Minimum light of foot-candles at a height of five feet Restrictive Outdoor Li!!htin!! Ordinances According to several sources, Kennebunkport and Tucson have the most restrictive outdoor lighting ordinances in the United States. The most significant elements of the ordinances have been extracted. Kennebunkport. ME (Attachment 8) · a fixture height is based upon the rating of the lamp; that is, if a lamp is rated at more than 1,800 lumens, the height of the fixture is determined by the following: 3 + (D/3), where D is the distance to the nearest property line. The maximum height of the fixture is 25 feet. · lamps rated at 1,800 lumens or less may be used without restriction. Fixtures along public roadways shall not exceed 25 feet in height and shall be positioned at that height up to the edge of the bordering property. Tucson. AZ (Attachment 9) · shielding requirements based upon the type of lamp; high pressure sodium lamps are prohibited except for those that are fully shielded and on collector streets of 100 feet or more in right-of-way width. Chanhassen Zonin!! Ordinance Site Plan Review The City reviews lighting plans at the time of site plan review and building permit application. The lighting plans indicate the computer readings of foot-candles at systematic points of the property. Section 20-1126 states that "all commercial, industrial, and multi-family parking lots shall be lighted. Lighting shall use shielded fixtures and be directed away from the public right- of-way and adjacent residential or agricultural districts. Sufficient lighting shall be provided to illuminated all areas of the parking lot to provide adequate levels of safety. To minimize off-site impact, light levels as measured at the property line shall not exceed one-half-foot-candle as Kate Aanenson Outdoor Lighting Ordinance Information July 22, 1998 Page 8 measured at the property line." Although the ordinance does not specifically regulate the height of the fixtures, staff typically likes to see 20 feet. In addition, the zoning ordinance regulates glare. Section 20-913 states that "glare, whether direct or reflected, as differentiated from general illumination shall not be visible beyond the limits of the site from which it originates." Street Lighting The street lights in the City are operated by Minnesota Valley Electric (MVE) and NSP. The City installs high pressure sodium (HPS) light fixtures. The height of the fixtures range between 20 feet to 30 feet. According to the engineering department, the height of the fixtures is determined by the location. The lamps on collector or higher traffic streets are typically 250 watts. The spacing is dependant upon the traffic and type of roadway. In residential areas, the lamps are typically 150 watts, and are usually decorative in style. RECOMMENDA TIONS Staff is proposing the following alternatives, and recommending that the City Council give direction to their preferred course of action. 1. Prepare a draft ordinance, amending the City Code for outdoor lighting, and proceed with review by the Planning Commission. 2. Have Public Safety review standards and give input into any proposed changes to City Code. 3. Leave ordinance as is. Attachments: 1. The Subdivision and Site Plan Handbook, pages 105-6 2. Outdoor Lighting Manual for Vermont Municipalities, Parking lot standards 3. Outdoor Lighting Manual for Vermont Municipalities, Street lighting standards 4. Outdoor Lighting Manual for Vermont Municipalities, Sample Outdoor Lighting Ordinance 5. Bloomington Zoning Ordinance, Section 19.54 6. Maple Grove Zoning Ordinance, Section 375.12 7. Roseville Zoning Ordinance, Section 1010.12 8. Kennebunkport, ME Outdoor Lighting Ordinance 9. Tucson, AZ Outdoor Lighting Ordinance 10. Chanhassen Zoning Ordinance 11. Zoning News, October 1995 12. Planning Commissioner's Journal, May/June 1992 APPENDIX A T17\C/l-t~/\ ~T , 105 EXHIBIT A-8 ILLUMINATION GUIDELINES FOR STREETS, PARKING, AND PEDESTRIAN AREAS A. STREET ILLUMINATION AREA CLASSIFICATION Commercial Intermediate Residential Street Hierarchy Lux F ootcandles Lux Footcandles Lux Footcandles "Major" 12 1.2 9 0.9 6 0.6 "Collector" 8 0.8 6 0.6 4 0.4 "Local" 6 0.6 5 0.5 3 0.3 B. PARKING llLUMINATION (OPEN PARKING FACILITIES) Level of Activity ILLUMINATION OBJECTIVE General Parking & Pedestrian Safety Lux F ootcandles Vehicular Use Area Only Lux Footcandles Low activity Medium activity High activity 5 11 22 0.5 1 2 2 0.2 6 0.6 10 0.9 , j I I j I i I il :1 ., II I' 'I I I I I I C. PEDESTRIAN WAY ILLUMINATION Walkways & Bikeway Classification Minimum Average Horizontal Levels Lux A verage Levels for Special Peaestrian Security Lux Sidewalks (roadside) and Type A bikeways Commercial areas Intermediate areas Residential areas Walkways distant from roadways and Type B bikeways Walkways, bikeways and stairways Pedestrian tunnels 10 6 2 22 11 5 5 43 5 54 .'. -.. 106/ A P PEN D I X EXHIBIT A-8 (continued) Notes: IES Lighting Handbook defInitions: 1. STREET HIERARCHY These are the terms utilized by the IES and defmed as follows: Major. The part of the roadway system that serves as the principal network for through traffic flow. The routes connect areas of principal traffic generation and important rural highways entering the city. Collector. The distributor and collector roadways serving traffic between major and local roadways. These are roadways used mainly for traffic movements within residential, commercial and industrial areas. Local. Roadways used primarily for direct access to residential, commercial, industrial, or other abutting property. They do not include roadways carrying through traffic. Long local roadways will generally be divided into short sections by collector roadway systems. 2. AREA CLASSIFICATION 1. Commercial. A business area of a municipality where ordinarily there are many pedestrians during night hours. 2. Intermediate. Those areas of a municipality often characterized by moderately heavy nighttime pedestrian activity such as in blocks having libraries, community recreation centers, large apartment buildings, industrial buildings, or neighborhood retail stores. 3. Residential. A residential development, or a mixture of residential and small commercial establishments, characterized by few pedestrians at night. This definition includes areas with single family homes, town houses, and/or small apartment buildings. 3. ACTIVITY LEVEL High activity. Examples include major-league athletic events, major cultural or civic events, regional shopping centers, and fast food facilities. Medium activity. Examples include community shopping centers, office parks, hospital parking areas, transportation parking (airports, etc.), cultural, civic or recreational events, and residential complex parking. Low activity. Examples include neighborhood shopping, industrial employee parking, educational facility parking, and church parking. 4 . BIKEWAY CLASSIFICATION 1. Type A bikeway _ Designated bicycle lane. A portion of roadway or shoulder which has been designated for use by bicyclists. 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The purpose of this Section is to establish lighting requirements for personal safety and crime prevention while regulating any spill-over of light and glare on operators of motor vehicles, pedestrians, and land uses near a light source to promote personal and traffic safety and to prevent the creation of public nuisances. (b) Liqhtinq Plan. Except for single family and two family dwellings, plans for required parking lot and security lighting shall be approved by the Planning Manager and the City of Bloomington Police Department prior to approvals for or the issuance of permits for the activities requiring compliance under Subdivision (d) of this Section. The plans, at appropriate scale, shall be based on accurate, approved final site plans and shall depict all exterior lighting as to its location, orientation and configuration for the development. This must include but not be limited to: (1) Luminaire height; (2) Luminaire and standard technical specifications; (3) Intensity of illumination measured at the least point of illumination and the greatest point of illumination when measured from ground level; (4) Type of light source (Metal Halide. High Pressure Sodium, etc.); (5) Hours of illumination; and (6) Photometric plan superimposed on the site plan for each classification of lighting with points no greater than 30 feet apart. (c) Performance Standards - (1) Liqhtinq standards in all zoninq districts except those containinq sinqle family and two family dwellinqs - (A) Wall or roof lighting may be used to illuminate the pedestrian walkways, entrance areas and yard areas within 30 feet of the building. No wall or roof lighting shall be used to illuminate areas for motor vehicle parking or access unless the City of Bloomington Police Department and the Planning Manager find the following: (i) That the proposed lighting is not in conflict with the stated purpose in Section 19.54 of this Code; (ii) That the proposed lighting will not unreasonably harm or restrict public health, safety and welfare or create a nuisance; and (iii) The proposed luminaire has a cutoff angle of less than or equal to 66 degrees. (B) Any open area used for motor vehicle parking, storage or access shall be illuminated with free-standing luminaires. Free-standing luminaires are permitted to be a maximum of 30 feet in height with a three foot support for a maximum height from the ground of 33 feet. When a luminaire is located within 500 feet of a protected residential property, the maximum permitted luminaire height shall be 25 feet. All measurements shall be taken from the average elevation of the finished grade within 10 feet of the structure or fixture to the highest point of the luminaire. All luminaires must have a total cutoff angle equal to or less than 90 degrees. The use of exterior lighting with a cutoff angle greater than 90 degrees shall be permitted only when the J~lo9-mington Police Department and the Planning Manager find the following: . . (i) That the proposed lighting is not in conflict with the stated purpose in Section 19.54 of this Code; (ii) That the proposed lighting will not unreasonably harm or restrict public health, safety and welfare or create a nuisance; and (iii) The proposed lighting will not result in an impairment of vision creating a hazard for vehicular or pedestrian traffic. (C) In no instance shall Low Pressure Sodium fixtures be used to illuminate non-protected residential property unless the Bloomington Police Department find the following: (i) That the proposed lighting is not in conflict with the stated purpose in Section 19.54 of this Code; (ii) That the proposed lighting will not unreasonably harm or restrict public health, safety and welfare or create a nuisance; and (iii) The color distortion effect of Low Pressure Sodium lighting will not create a hindrance to crime prevention and investigation. (2) Intensity of liqhtinq in all zoninq districts except those containinq sinqle family and two family dwellinqs - (A) The amount of illumination attributable to exterior lighting from a property shall not exceed 1 foot-candle when measured at any boundary line with an adjoining property. This provision may be waived by the Issuing Authority when: (i) The proposed lighting is not in conflict with the stated purpose in Section 19.54 of this Code; (ii) The proposed lighting will not unreasonably harm or restrict public health, safety and welfare or create a nuisance; and (iii) The proposed lighting will not result in an impairment of vision creating a hazard for vehicular or pedestrian traffic. (B) All parking lot and parking structure lighting located within 300 feet of a protected residential property line may be illuminated not more than one (1) hour before the start of business and shall be extinguished within one (1) hour after the end of business except as approved by the Bloomington Police Department after finding the following: (i) The property has been identified as an area where the incidence or potential for crime warrant additional lighting; (ii) Additional lighting is required to increase visibility of a property which is not readily accessible for police during routine patrol; and (iii) The use of timers, sensors, or other devices that produce a reduced lighting level that does not conflict with the stated purpose in Section 19.54 of this Code. (C) All lighting shall be maintained for all uses at the level specified in Table 19.54-1 of this Code when measured from the point of least and greatest illumination at any location within the property. In no instance may required lighting have a greater maximum/minimum uniformity ratio than 10:1. Table 19.54-1: Minimum Intensity of Lighting for the Specific Uses Use Minimum Illumination1 Parking Lots;! 2 foot-candlesj Parking Structures4 - Vehicle Parking and Drive Aisles 5 foot-candles Parking Structures4 - Designated Pedestrian Walkways 20 foot-candles Pedestrian Access5 5 foot-candles Building Entrance and Exits6 10 foot-candles Parking Structure Entrance and Exits7 35 foot-candles 1. The minimum light when measured in foot-candles at the point of least illumination when measured at ground level. 2. This shall not include parking structures or approved open storage areas for the storage of motor vehicles. 3. This may be reduced to 1.5 foot candles within 30 feet of the outside perimeter of a parking lot curb with the approval of the Bloomington Police Department in accordance with the findings in Section 19.54(c)(1 )(B)(i), (ii) and (iii). 4. This includes all parking ramps and parking structures. 5. This includes all sidewalks designated for pedestrian access. This does not include areas in an open parking tot which are not exclusively designated as pedestrian access only. Measurements shall be taken at ground level anywhere on the sidewalk. 6. When measured 10 feet from any pedestrian entrance or exit to an enclosed structure. 7. This level of light is for a minimum of 50 feet inside a 100% closed parking structure to allow for a transition zone for transient light adaptation. (3) Glare. In all zoning districts, any lighting shall be arranged so as not to shine directly on any adjoining property. A person shall not conduct a use that has a source of illumination that produces glare clearly visible beyond a property line or creates a sensation of brightness within a visual field so as to cause annoyance, discomfort, or impairment of vision. The use of lenses, deflectors, shields, louvers, or prismatic control devices shall be used to eliminate nuisance and hazardous lighting to facilitate compliance with this requirement. (4) Parkina Structures. Luminaires used for illumination of designated pedestrian walkways in parking structures shall be of a significantly different color value than luminaires used for illuminating vehicle parking and drive aisles. (d) Comoliance. Any new lighting installed after the effective date of this ordinance shall be in compliance with the requirements of this ordinance. Any lighting in existence before the effective date of this ordinance that does not comply with its requirements shall be considered legally non-complying and may remain, subject to the following provisions: (1) Alterations to existina Iiahtina. (A) When pOles and support structures are removed and replaced for reasons other than acts of god or accidents, they must be replaced with luminaires, poles and supports that comply with this Section; and (B) When luminaires are replaced, they must be replaced with luminaires that comply with all provisions of this Section except the minimum light intensity provisions of subsection (c)(2)(E) and Table 19.54- 1. In no event, however, may the existing light intensity levels be reduced below existing lighting levels for the parking area. (2) Removal and replacement of parkina lot surface. When less than 50% of the gross area of the parking lot surface on a particular site is removed and replaced, only the parking area replaced must be provided with lighting in compliance with this Section. If greater than 50% of the parking area on a particular site is removed and replaced at one time, the entire parking lot on the site where the construction activity occurs must be in full compliance with this Section. A parking lot or portion thereof is "removed and replaced" when any portion of the existing parking surface material is removed and a new surface is installed. (3) New parkina lots or parkina lot additions. When a new parking lot or addition to an existing parking lot is constructed, the new lot or lot addition must be provided with lighting in compliance with Section 19.54 of this Code. (4) New structures. additions. or replacements. When a site is improved with new structures or additions to or replacements of existing structures, the lighting for the new structure, addition or replacement on the site must be upgraded with complying lighting and the parking lot lighting must be upgraded with complying lighting over a portion of the parking area that is equivalent to the amount of parking that would be required for the new structure, addition or replacement by Section 19.64 of this Code. In the event that the new structure, addition, or replacement is accompanied by new or replaced parking area, the amount of upgraded lighting area shall be that required under this subparagraph (4), or that required under the combination of subparagraphs (2) and (3), whichever is greater. (5) Chanae of type of occupancy. When the type of occupancy of a site is changed, the lighting for the site shall be upgraded, as necessary, to comply with this Section for the structure and the parking lot be upgraded for the required parking for the occupancy as established in Section 19.64 of this Code. For purposes of determining the type of occupancy of a site, the occupancy classifications of the Minnesota State Building Code shall be utilized. (6) Unoccupied sites. When a site has been unoccupied for a period of one year, the lighting shall be upgraded to fully comply with this Section prior to any reoccupation of the site. (7) When a development application is made for a site, the City Council may as a condition of approval require compliance with any or all of the performance standards of this Section, and the extent of compliance required in such cases may be greater than that otherwise required under subdivision (d), if deemed reasonably necessary to protect the public health, safety or welfare and to achieve the purposes of this Section. (8) Date for final compliance. Notwithstanding any of the above, the lighting of all sites within the City shall be in full compliance with this Section no later than January 1, 2010. (e) Point of Measurement. Any light intensity measurement taken at the property line shall be measured at the greatest point of illumination of said property line. Any measurements to determine the minimum and maximum lighting levels internal to a site will be measured by positioning the meter horizontally at ground level at the greatest and least points of artificial illumination. (f) Applicability. Modifications to the requirements of this Section may be approved as part of a Final Development Plan for a Planned Development Overlay District, pursuant to the provisions of Section 19.38.01, provided: (1) That any deviations from lighting standards established by this Section are clearly delineated in the plan submission reviewed by the Planning Commission and approved by the City Council; (2) That any deviations are consistent with the purpose of this Section; (3) That the minimum light level proposed provides a minimum of 75 percent of the illumination required in subsection 19.54-1; (4) That the height of support poles above grade does not exceed the maximum permitted by this Section by more than 25 percent, except that no development shall be allowed for increased support pole height within 500 feet of a protected residential property; (5) That no increase in glare occurs as a result of deviation from the adopted standards; and (6) That the lighting plan does not propose any deviations to the performance standards in subsection (c)(1) except as allowed in 19.54(f)(4). (Code, 1958 S 9.06; Ord. No. 54,12-18-61; Ord. No. 69, 5-30-62; Ord. No. 96-35, 8-19-96) A-TTAvl+tV1~ r 10 U/)APL-~ bPA~.J, 375:12, Subd. 8 (Rev. 1983) ( Subd. 8. Traffic Visibility. On corner lots in all districts, no structur~ or planting in excess of thirty (30) inches above the street center line grad shal~ be permitted within a triangular area defined as follows: beginning aL , the intersection of the' projected property lines of two intersecting streets, thence.thirty (30) feet along one property line thence diagonally to a poin thirty (30) feet from the point of beginning on the other property line, thenc to the point of beginning. Subd. 9. Gl are. (a) Any lighting used to illuminate an off-street parking area, sign 0: other structure, shall be arranged so as to deflect light away fro any adjoining residential zone or from the public streets. Direc or sky-reflected glare, where from floodlights or from hig1 temperature processes, such as combustion' or welding, shall not t directed into any adjoining property. The source of lights shal be hooded or controlled in some manner so as not to light adjacen property. Bare incandescent light bulbs shall not be permitted i view ,of adjacent property or public right-of-way. (b) Any light or combination of lights which cast light on a publi street shall not exceed one (1) foot candle (meter reading) i measured from the center 1 i ne of said street. Any 1 i ght ( combination of lights whi~h cast light on residential property shal not exceed four (4) foot candles (meter reading) as measured frr said property. ( l ATJAC+tf'/ltvN T 7 Page 2 of6 01010.05: LANDSCAPING IN PARKING AREA: Five percent (5%) of the surface area of the land within a parking area shall be landscaped with grass, shrubbery, trees and/or other approved ground cover. (Ord. 1083, 1-14-91) -1010.06: CONCRETE CURBING: The periphery of parking areas and drives shall be constructed with poured in place concrete curbing. (Ord. 1083, 1-14-91) -1010.07: ROOFTOP EQUIPMENT: Rooftop equipment, including rooftop structures related to elevators, shall be completely screened from eye level view from contiguous properties and adjacent streets. Such equipment shall be screened with parapets or other materials similar to and compatible with exterior materials and architectural treatment on the structure being served. Horizontal or vertical slats of wood material shall not be utilized for this purpose. (Ord. 1083, 1-14-91) -1010.08: UTILITIES: Other utilities such as meters and air handling equipment attached to walls or placed on the ground shall be located to ensure their proper function and facilitate easy maintenance. All such utilities shall be totally screened from eye level view from adjacent properties and public streets utilizing similar and compatible materials to that of the principal structure. The City encourages buried electrical services. (Ord. 1083, 1-14-91) -1010.09: OFF-STREET PARKING: All off-street parking areas containing more than six (6) parking spaces contiguous to residential areas shall be screened with fencing or landscaping to create an all-seasons screen, eighty percent (80%) opaque, to a height of five feet (5'). (Ord. 1083, 1-14-91) -1010.10: EXTERNAL LOADING AND SERVICE AREAS: All external loading and service areas must be completely screened from ground level view of contiguous residential properties and adjacent streets except at driveway access points. (Ord. 1083, 1-14-91) -1010.11: TRASH HANDLING EQUIPMENT: Dumpsters, trash and trash handling equipment shall be stored within a principal structure or within an attached structure accessible from within the principal structure and serviced by an overhead door to the exterior of the facility. If the structure is attached for this purpose, it shall be of the same materials as the principal structure and accessible to the structure from the interior and shall be roofed. A facility shall be located so as to be as inconspicuous as possible to the contiguous public right of way. Such trash handling equipment storage areas shall be of sufficient size to accommodate the separation of trash, including separate provisions for paper, cardboard, glass, cans and miscellaneous refuse. -1010.12: LIGHTING: C 12CGlSY I!.-~ http://www.ci.roseville.mn.us/adminlcitycode/ch 1010. txt 7/10/98 Page 3 of6 -1010.12A. Fixtures: Lighting Fixtures shall be of a downcast, cutoff type, concealing the light source from view and preventing glare and spilling into residential areas. Lighting levels at contiguous residential property lines shall not exceed one-half (1/2) foot-candle. -1010.12B. Minimum Lighting Levels: Energy efficient lighting systems shall be employed for all exterior lighting. Minimum lighting levels for covered and open parking facilities shall be as follows: -1010.12Bl. Covered Parking Facilities (Day):* General parking & pedestrian areas Ramps/corners Entrances/exits Stairwells 5 foot-candles 10 foot-candles 50 foot-candles 20 foot-candles -1010.12B2. Covered Parking Facilities (Night):* General parking & pedestrian areas* Ramps/corners Entrances/exits Stairwells 5 foot-candles 5 foot-candles 5 foot-candles 20 foot-candles -1010.12B3. Open Parking Areas:* General parking & pedestrian areas (high activity) Vehicle use areas .9 foot-candle 1 foot-candle *Minimum light of foot-candles at a height of five feet (5'). 1083, 1-14-91) (Ord. -1010.13: HANDICAP FACILITIES: provisions for handicap facilities shall be provided as required by State law and shall be included in such floor plans and site plans as submitted for site plan review to ensure the provision of convenient and practical use of all exterior and interior facilities for handicap persons. (Ord. 1083, 1-14-91) !. _ 161 0 . 14 : LANDSCAPING AREAS OTHER THAN BUILDING AND HARDSTAND: All areas of land other than occupied by building and/or hardstand (parking areas and driveways) shall be landscaped with sod and/or mulch and/or rock material in planting beds where appropriate. The minimum number of overstory trees on any given site shall be one overstory tree per fifty feet (50') of parking lot frontage plus trees required for parking lot islands. Other understory trees, shrubs, flowers and ground covers deemed appropriate for a complete quality landscape treatment of the site shall be included in addition to the required minimum of overstory trees. -1010.14A. Species<<See also Chapter 706 of this Code.>>: -1010.14Al. All trees used in site developments shall be indigenous to the appropriate hardiness zone and physical characteristics of the site. -1010.14A2. All deciduous trees proposed to satisfy the minimum http://www.ci.roseville.mn.us/admin/citycode/ch 101 O.txt 7/10/98 Outdoor Lighting Ordinance from Kennebunkport ATfAC/H V/FNT B Page 1 of 4 Outdoor Lighting Ordinance from Kennebunkport, Maine Following is the text of the outdoor night-lighting ordinance, which has been law in the coastal town ofKennebunkport, Maine, since 1992 March 28. This ordinance was largely written by Peter Talmage, a NELP AG member and engineer with much experience in outdoor lighting applications; as such, it was carefully and thoughtfully worded, and can be used as a model (along with other ordinances such as the standard Tucson ordinance) for those who are attempting to write (or revise) their local ordinances and by-laws. [Information provided courtesy of Peter Talmage, Kennebunkport, ME.] TOWN OF KENNEBUNKPORT OUTDOOR LIGHTING ORDINANCE STATEMENT OF NEED AND PURPOSE: Good outdoor lighting at night benefits everyone. It increases safety, enhances the Town's night time character, and helps provide security. New lighting technologies have produced lights that are extremely powerful, and these types of lights may be improperly installed so that they create problems of excessive glare, light trespass, and higher energy use. Excessive glare can be annoying and may cause safety problems. Light trespass reduces everyone's privacy, and higher energy use results in increased costs for everyone. There is a need for a lighting ordinance which recognizes the benefits of outdoor lighting and provides clear guidelines for its installation so as to help maintain and compliment the Town's character. Appropriately regulated, and properly installed, outdoor lighting will contribute to the safety and welfare of the residents of the town. This ordinance is intended to reduce the problems created by improperly designed and installed outdoor lighting. It is intended to eliminate problems of glare, minimize light trespass, and help reduce the energy and financial costs of outdoor lighting by establishing regUlations which limit the area that certain kinds of outdoor-lighting fixtures can illuminate and by limiting the total allowable illumination of lots located in the Town of Kennebunkport. ARTICLE 1 1.1. DEFINITIONS: For the purposes of this Ordinance, terms used shall be defined as follows: Direct Light: Light emitted directly from the lamp, off of the reflector or reflector diffuser, or through the refractor or diffuser lens, of a lurninaire. Fixture: The assembly that houses the lamp or lamps and can include all or some of the following parts: a housing, a mounting bracket or pole socket, a lamp holder, a ballast, a reflector or mirror, and/or a refractor or lens. Flood or Spot light: Any light fixture or lamp that incorporates a reflector or a refractor to concentrate the light output into a directed beam in a particular direction. Glare: Light emitting from a luminaire with an intensity great enough to reduce a viewer's ability to see, and in extreme cases causing momentary blindness. Height of Luminaire: The height of a lurninaire shall be the vertical distance from the ground directly below the centerline of the luminaire to the lowest direct-light-emitting part of the luminaire. Indirect Light: Direct light that has been reflected or has scattered off of http:// cfa- www.harvard.edu/cfa/ps/nelpag/kennebunk.html 6/9198 Outdoor Lighting Ordinance from Kennebunkport Page 2 of 4 other surfaces. Lamp: The component of a luminaire that produces the actual light. Light Trespass: The shining of light produced by a luminaire beyond the boundaries of the property on which it is located. Lumen: A unit of luminous flux. One footcandle is one lumen per square foot. For the purposes of this Ordinance, the lumen-output values shall be the INITIAL lumen output ratings of a lamp. Luminaire: This is a complete lighting system, and includes a lamp or lamps and a fixture. Outdoor Lighting: The night-time illumination of an outside area or object by any man-made device located outdoors that produces light by any means. Temporary outdoor lighting: The specific illumination of an outside area of object by any man-made device located outdoors that produces light by any means for a period of less than 7 days, with at least 180 days passing before being used again. ARTICLE 2 2.1. REGULATIONS: All public and private outdoor lighting installed in the Town of Kennebunkport shall be in conformance with the requirements established by this Ordinance. 2.2. CONTROL OF GLARE -- LUMINAIRE DESIGN FACTORS: A. Any luminaire with a lamp or lamps rated at a total of MORE than 1800 lumens, and all flood or spot luminaires with a lamp or lamps rated at a total of MORE than 900 lumens, shall not emit any direct light above a horizontal plane through the lowest direct-light-emitting part of the luminaire. B. Any luminaire with a lamp or lamps rate at a total of MORE than 1800 lumens, and all flood or spot luminaires with a lamp or lamps rated at a total of MORE than 900 lumens, shall be mounted at a height equal to or less than the value 3 + (D/3), where D is the distance in feet to the nearest property boundary. The maximum height of the luminaire may not exceed 25 feet. 2.3. EXCEPTIONS: A. Any luminaire with a lamp or lamps rated at a total of 1800 lumens or LESS, and all flood or spot luminaires with a lamp or lamps rated at 900 lumens or LESS, may be used without restriction to light distribution or mounting height, except that if any spot of flood luminaire rated 900 lumens or LESS is aimed, directed, or focused such as to cause direct light from the luminaire to be directed toward residential buildings on adjacent or nearby land, or to create glare perceptible to persons operating motor vehicles on public ways, the luminaire shall be redirected or its light output controlled as necessary to eliminate such conditions. , B. Luminaires used for public-roadway illumination may be installed at ~ maximum height of 25 feet and may be positioned at that height up to the edge of any bordering property. C. All temporary emergency lighting need by the the police or Fire Departments or other emergency services, as well as all vehicular luminaires, shall be exempt from the requirements of this article. D. All hazard warning luminaires required by Federal regulatory agencies are exempt from the requirements of this article, except that all luminaires used must be red and must be shown to be as close as possible to the Federally required minimum lumen output requirement for the specific task. E. Luminaires used primarily for sign illumination may be mounted at any height to a maximum of 25 feet, regardless of lumen rating. 2.4. TEMPORARY OUTDOOR LIGHTING A. Any temporary outdoor lighting that conforms to the requirements of this Ordinance shall be allowed. Nonconforming temporary outdoor lighting may be permitted by the Board of Selectmen after considering: (1) the public and/or private benefits that will result from the temporary lighting; (2) any annoyance or safety problems that may result from the use of the temporary lighting; and (3) the duration of the temporary nonconforming lighting. The http:// cfa-www.harvard.edu/cfa/ps/nelpag/kennebunk.html 619/98 . Outdoor Lighting Ordinance from Kennebunkport Page 3 of4 applicant shall submit a detailed description of the proposed temporary nonconforming lighting to the Board of Selectmen, who shall consider the request at a duly called meeting of the Board of Selectmen. Prior notice of the meeting of the Board of Selectmen shall be given to the applicant and to the Kennebunkport Lighting Committee. The Board of Selectmen shall render its decision on the temporary lighting request within two weeks of the date of the meeting. A failure by the Board of Selectmen to act on a request within the time allowed shall constitute a denial of the request. ARTICLE 3 3.1. EFFECTIVE DATE AND GRANDFATHERING OF NONCONFIRMING LUMINAIRES: A. This ordinance shall take effect immediately upon approval by the voters of the Town of Kennebunkport at an annual or special Town Meeting and shall supersede and replace all previous ordinances pertaining to outdoor lighting. B. All luminaires lawfully in place prior to the date of the Ordinance shall be grandfathered. However, any luminaire that replaces a grandfathered luminaire, or any grandfathered luminaire that is moved, must meet the standards of this Ordinance. ARTICLE 4 4.1. AUTHORIZATION FOR INSTALLATION OF PUBLIC AREA AND ROADWAY LIGHTING: A. Installation of any new public-area and roadway lighting fixtures other than for traffic control shall be specifically approved at an Annual Town Meeting. B. Before any proposal for new multiple public roadway lighting luminaires shall be included in a Warrant for an annual Town Meeting, the Lighting Committee and the Board of Selectmen or its representative shall hold a public hearing to describe the proposal and to provide an opportunity for public comment. Notice of the hearing shall be printed in a newspaper of general circulation not less than one (1) week prior to the date of the hearing and shall be posted for a period of at least one (1) week before the meeting. ARTICLE 5 5.1. NOTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS: A. The Town of Kennebunkport building permit shall include a statement asking whether the planned project will include any outdoor lighting. B. Within 30 days of the enactment of this ordinance, the Code Enforcement Officer shall send a copy of the Outdoor Lighting Ordinance, with cover letter to all local electricians and local electric utility (including at least those in the towns of Kennebunkport, Kennebunk, Wells, Arundel, and Biddeford, as listed in the NYNEX Yellow Pages) . ARTICLE 6 6.1. VIOLATIONS, LEGAL ACTIONS, AND PENALTIES: A. Violations and Legal Actions: If, after investigation, the Code Enforcement Officer finds that any provision of the Ordinance is being violated, he shall give notice by hand delivery or by certified mail, return-receipt requested, of such violation to the owner and/or to the occupant of such premises, demanding that violation be abated within thirty (30) days of the date of hand delivery or of the date of mailing of the notice. If the violation is not abated within the thirty-day period, the Code Enforcement Officer may institute actions and proceedings, either legal or equitable, to enjoin, restrain, or abate any violations of this Ordinance and to collect the penalties for such violations. http://e fa - www.harvard.edu/efa/ps/nelpag/kennebunk.html 6/9/98 Outdoor Lighting Ordinance from Kennebunkport Page 4 of 4 B. Penalties: A violation of this Ordinance, or any prov~s~on thereof, shall be punishable by a civil penalty of one hundred dollars ($100), and each day of violation after the expiration of the thirty-day period provided in paragraph 1 shall constitute a separate offense for the purpose of calculating the civil penalty. II http:// cfa- www.harvard.edu/cfa/ps/nelpag/kennebunk.html 6/9/98 Information Sheet 91 (April 1994) A- T17\ c. 1-1 1'<1 ef..J T 9 Page 1 of9 International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) 3545 N. Stewart Ave., Tucson AZ 85716 U.S.A. E-mail: crawford@darksky.org \V\V\V: http://www.darksky.org Revised Tucson and Pima County Arizona Outdoor Lighting Control Ordinances IDA Information Sheet No. 91 (April 1994) Ordinance No. 8210. TucsonlPima County Outdoor Lighting Code, 1994 Edition (This is the City of Tucson version, with a few notes of differences to the County Code.) Passed by the Mayor and Council of the City of Tucson, Arizona, 21 March 1994. Section 1. Purpose and Intent. The purpose of this Code is to provide standards for outdoor lighting so that its use does not unreasonably interfere with astronomical observations. It is the intent of this Code to encourage, through the regulation of the types, kinds, construction, installation, and uses of outdoor electrically powered illuminating devices, lighting practices and systems to conserve energy without decreasing safety, utility, security, and productivity while enhancing nighttime enjoyment of property within the jurisdiction. Section 2. Conformance with Applicable Codes. All outdoor electrically powered illuminating devices shall be installed in conformance with the provisions of this Code, the Building Code, the Electrical Code, and the Sign Code of the jurisdiction as applicable and under appropriate permit and inspection. Section 3. Approved Materials and Methods of Construction or Installation/Operation. The provisions of this Code are not intended to prevent the use of any design, material, or method of http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/cfa/ps/nelpag/INF091.html 6/9/98 Information Sheet 91 (April 1994) Page 2 of9 installation or operation not specifically prescribed by this Code, provided any such alternate has been approved. The building official may approve any such proposed alternate providing he finds that it: a. provides at least approximate equivalence to that applicable specific requirements of this Code b. is otherwise satisfactory and complies with the intent of this Code; or c. has been designed or approved by a registered professional engineer and content and function promotes the intent of this Code. Section 4. Definitions. As used in this Code, unless the context clearly indicates, certain word and phrases used in this chapter shall mean the following: Sec. 4.1. "Person" means any individual, tenant, lessee, owner, or any commercial entity including but not limited to firm, business, partnership, joint venture or corporation. Sec. 4.2. "Installed" means the attachment, or assembly fixed in place, whether or not connected to a power source, of any outdoor light fixture. Sec. 4.3. "Outdoor light fixture" means outdoor electrically powered illuminating devices, outdoor lighting or reflective surfaces, lamps and similar devices, permanently installed or portable, used for illumination or advertisement. Such devices shall include, but are not limited to search, spot, and flood lights for: 1. buildings and structures; 2. recreational areas; 3. parking lot lighting; 4. landscape lighting; 5. billboards and other signs (advertising or other); 6. street lighting; 7. product display area lighting; 8. building overhangs and open canopies. Sec. 4.4. "Area A" means the circular area, thirty-five miles in radius, the center of which is the center of the Kitt Peak National Observatory; the circular area, twenty-five miles in radius, the center of which is the center of Mount Hopkins Observatory; while the boundary lines for Area A around Mt. Lemmon are defined as: The Pinal County line on the north, along the center line of the Santa Cruz River, to the center line of the Rillito Creek, to the center line ofTanque Verde Creek with the junction to the northern border of the Saguaro National Monument, then along that border until it ends on the east side and bends east to the County line. Sec 4.5. "Area B" means all area outside Area A and outside the territorial limits of every Indian reservation lying wholly or partially within Pima County. Section 5. Shielding. All nonexempt outdoor lighting fixtures shall have shielding as required by Table 5 of this Code. bttp:llcfa-www.barvard.edu/cfa/ps/nelpag/INF091.html 6/9/98 Information Sheet 91 (April 1994) Page 3 of9 Sec. 5.1. "Fully shielded" means outdoor light fixtures shielded or constructed so that no light rays are emitted by the installed fixture at angles above the horizontal plane as certified by a photometric test report. Sec. 5.2. "Partially shielded" means outdoor light fixtures shielded or constructed so that no more than ten percent of the light rays are emitted by the installed fixture at angles above the horizontal plane as certified by a photometric test report. Table 5 Shielding Requirements Area A Area B ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Fixture Lamp Type Shielded Shielded - -- -- --- - -- - - -- - -- - - --- - --- - - -- - - - -- - - -- --- - -- - - -- - -- - - - - - -- - - - -- - - - - -- Low pressure sodium(l) Partially Partially High pressure sodium Prohibited except fully shielded on arterial streets and collector streets of 100 ft or more in right of way width. Fully Metal halide Prohibited (7) Fluorescent Fully (3), (5) Fully (2) , (6) Fully (3) , (5) Fully Fully None None None Quartz (4) Prohibited Incandescent greater Fully than 160 watt Incandescent 160 watt None or less Any light source of None 50 watt or less Glass tubes filled None wi neon, argon, krypton Other sources As approved by the Building Official Footnotes: 1. This is the preferred light source to minimize undesirable light emission into the night sky affecting astronomical observations. Fully shielded fixtures are preferred but not required. 2. Metal halide lighting, used primarily for display purposes, shall not be used for security lighting after 11 :00 pm or after closing hours ifbefore 11 :00 pm. Metal halide lamps shall be installed only in enclosed luminaries. 3. Outdoor advertising signs of the type constructed of translucent materials and wholly illuminated from within do not require shielding. Dark backgrounds with light lettering or http://cfa-W\vw.harvard.edu/cfa/ps/nelpag/INF091.html 6/9/98 Information Sheet 91 (April 1994) Page 4 of9 symbols are preferred, to minimize detrimental effects. Unless conforming to the above dark background preference, total lamp wattage per property shall be less than 41 watts in Area A. 4. For the purposes of this Code, quartz lamps shall not be considered an incandescent light source. 5. Warm white and natural lamps are preferred to minimize detrimental effects. 6. For filtering requirements for metal halide fixture lamp types see Section 6. 7. Fully shielded and installed metal halide fixtures shall be allowed for applications where the designing engineer deems that color rendering is critical. Section 6. Filtration. Metal halide fixture lamps types shall be filtered. "Filtered" means any outdoor light fixture which has a glass, acrylic, or translucent enclosure of the light source (quartz glass does not meeting this requirement). Section 7. Outdoor Advertising Signs. See 7.1. Top Mounted Fixtures Required. Lighting fixtures used to illuminate an outdoor advertising sign shall be mounted on the top of the sign structure. All such fixtures shall 'comply with the shielding requirements of Section 5 and the time controls of minor Section 9.5. (The County has made an exception for some of the largest signs, but tight restrictions are given for lighting performance.) Sec. 7.2. (City only.) Prohibitions. See Section 9.5 for prohibitions. Sec. 7.2. (County only.) Compliance Limit. Existing outdoor advertising structures shall be brought into conformance with this Code within three years from the date of adoption of this provlslOn. Sec. 7.3. (County only.) Prohibitions. Electrical illumination of outdoor advertising off-site signs is prohibited in Area A. Electrical illumination of outdoor advertising off-site signs between the hours of 11 :00 p.m. and sunrise is prohibited in Area A. Section 8. Submission of Plans and Evidence of Compliance with Code- Subdivision Plats. Sec 8.1. Submission Contents. The applicant for any permit required by any provision of the laws of this jurisdiction in connection with proposed work involving outdoor lighting fixtures shall submit (as part of the application for permit) evidence that the proposed work will comply with this Code. The submission shall contain but shall not necessarily be limited to the following, all or part of which may be part or in addition to the information required elsewhere in the laws of this jurisdiction upon application for the required permit: 1. plans indicating the location on the premises, and the type of illuminating devices, fixtures, lamps, supports, reflectors, and other devices; 2. description of the illuminating devices, fixtures, lamps, supports, reflectors, and other devices and the description may include, but is not limited to, catalog cuts by http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/cfa/ps/nelpagIINF091.html 619198 Information Sheet 91 (April 1994) Page 5 of9 manufacturers and drawings (including sections where required); 3. photometric data, such as that furnished by manufacturers, or similar showing the angle of cut off or light emissions. Sec 8.2. Additional Submission. The above required plans, descriptions and data shall be sufficiently complete to enable the plans examiner to readily determine whether compliance with the requirements of this Code will be secured. If such plans, descriptions and data cannot enable this ready determination, by reason of the nature or configuration of the devices, fixtures, or lamps proposed, the applicant shall additionally submit as evidence of compliance to enable such determination such certified reports of tests as will do so provided that these tests shall have been performed and certified by a recognized testing laboratory. Sec. 8.3. Subdivision Plat Certification. If any subdivision proposes to have installed street or other common or public area outdoor lighting, the final plat shall contain a statement certifying that the applicable provisions of the Tucson/Pima County Outdoor Lighting Code will be adhered to. Sec 8.4. Lamp or Fixture Substitution. Should any outdoor light fixture or the type of light source therein be changed after the permit has been issued, a change request must be submitted to the building official for his approval, together with adequate information to assure compliance with this code, which must be received prior to substitution. Section 9. Prohibitions. Sec 9.1. Mercury Vapor Lamps Fixtures and Lamps. The installation, sale, offer for sale, lease or purchase of any mercury vapor fixture or lamp for use as outdoor lighting is prohibited. Sec 9.2. Certain Other Fixtures and Lamps. The installation, sale, offering for sale, lease or purchase of any low pressure sodium, high pressure sodium, metal halide, fluorescent, quartz or incandescent outdoor lighting fixture or lamp the use of which is not allowed by Table 5 is prohibited. Sec 9.3. Laser Source Light. Except as provided in minor Section 9.4, the use of laser source light or any similar high intensity light for outdoor advertising or entertainment, when projected above the horizontal is prohibited. Sec 9.4. Searchlights. The operation of searchlights for advertising purposes is prohibited in Area A and is prohibited in unincorporated Pima County. In the territorial limits of the City of Tucson, the operation of searchlights for advertising purposes is prohibited in Area A and is prohibited in Area B between 10:00 p.m. and sunrise the following morning. Sec. 9.5. (City only.) Outdoor Advertising Off-Site Signs. Electrical illumination of outdoor advertising off-site signs is prohibited in Area A. Electrical illumination of outdoor advertising off-site signs between the hours of 11 :00 p.m. and sunrise is prohibited in Area B. Section 10. Special Uses. Sec 10.1. Recreational Facilities. Any light source pennitted by this Code may be used for http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/cfa/ps/nelpagIINF091.html 6/9/98 Information Sheet 91 (April 1994) Page 6 of9 lighting of outdoor recreational facilities (public or private), such as, but not limited to, football fields, soccer fields, baseball fields, softball fields, tennis courts, auto race tracks, horse race tracks or show areas, provided all of the following conditions are met: a. Lighting for parking lots and other areas surrounding the playing field, court, or track shall comply with this Code for lighting in the specific Area as defined in Section 4.4 and 4.5 of this Code. b. All fixtures used for event lighting shall be fully shielded as defined in Section 5 of this Code, or be designed or provided with sharp cut-off capability, so as to minimize up-light, spill-light, and glare. c. All events shall be scheduled so as to complete all activity before or as near to 10:30 p.m. as practical, but under no circumstances shall any illumination of the playing field, court, or track be permitted after 11 :00 p.m. except to conclude a scheduled event that was in progress before 11 :00 p.m. and circumstances prevented concluding before 11 :00 p.m. Exception: (City only.) Any portion of a recreational facility located within 300 feet of a road or street designated as a scenic route shall be lighted using only fixtures approved for use under this Code for the Area, as defined in Section 4.4 and 4.5 of this Code, in which said recreational facility is located. Exception: (County only.) Recreational facilities located along roads and streets designated as scenic routes shall be lighted using only fixtures approved for the Area in which they are located. Sec. 10.2. Outdoor Display Lots. Any light source permitted by this Code may be used for lighting of outdoor display lots such as, but not limited to, automobile sales or rental, recreational vehicle sales, or building material sales, provided all of the following conditions are met: a. Lighting for parking lots and other areas surrounding the display lot shall comply with this Code for lighting in the specific area as defined in Section 4.4 and 4.5 of this Code. b. All fixtures used for display lighting shall be fully shielded as defined in Section 5 of this Code, or be designed or provided with sharp cut-off capability, so as to minimize up-light, spill-light, or glare. c. Display lot lighting shall be turned off within thirty minutes after closing of the business. Under no circumstances shall the full illumination of the lot be permitted after 11 :00 p.m. Any lighting used after 11 :00 p.m. shall be used as security lighting. Section 11. Temporary Exemption Sec 11.1. Request; Renewal; Information Required. Any person may submit a written request, on a form prepared by the jurisdiction, to the building official for a temporary exemption request. A temporary exemption shall contain the following information: 1. specific exemption or exemptions requested; http://cfa_www.harvard.edu/cfa/ps/nelpagIINF091.html 6/9/98 - Information Sheet 91 (April 1994) Page 70f9 - - 2. type and use of outdoor light fixture involved; 3. duration of time requested exemption; 4. type of lamp and calculated lumens; 5. total wattage of lamp or lamps; 6. proposed location on premises of the outdoor light fixture(s); 7. previous temporary exemptions, ifany, and addresses of premises thereunder; 8. physical size of outdoor light fixture(s) and type of shielding provided; 9. such other data and information as may be required by the building official. .. .. Sec. 11.2. Approval; Duration. The building official shall have five business days from the date of submission of the request for temporary exemption to act, in writing, on the request. If approved, the exemption shall be valid for not more than thirty days from the date of issuance of the approval. The approval shall be renewable at the discretion of the building official upon a consideration of all the circumstances. Each such renewed exemption shall be valid for not more than thirty days. .. - Sec 11.3. Disapproval; Appeal. If the request for temporary exemption is disapproved, the person making the request will have the appeal rights provided in Section 13. - Section 12. Other Exemptions. Sec 12.1. Nonconformance - 1. Mercury vapor lamps in use for outdoor lighting on the effective date of the ordinance codified in this chapter shall not be so used. 2. (City.) Bottom-mounted outdoor advertising sign lighting shall not be used. 2. (County) Bottom-mounted outdoor advertising sign lighting shall not be used, except as provided in Section 7. 3. All other outdoor light fixtures lawfully installed prior to and operable on the effective date of the ordinance codified in this chapter are exempt from all requirements of this Code except those regulated in Section 7 and in minor Sections 9.3 and 9.4 and in Section 10. There shall be no change in use or lamp type, or any replacement or structural alteration made, without conforming to all applicable requirements of this Code. Sec. 12.2. Fossil Fuel Light. All outdoor light fixtures producing light directly by the combustion of natural gas or other fossil fuels are exempt from all requirements of this Code. Sec 12.3. State and Federal Facilities. Outdoor light fixtures installed on, and in connection with those facilities and land owned or operated by the federal government or the state of Arizona, or any department, division, agency or instrumentality thereof, are exempt from all requirements of this Code. Voluntary compliance with the intent of this Code at those facilities is encouraged. Section 13. Appeals. Any person substantially aggrieved by any decision of the building official made in administration of http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/cfa/ps/nelpagIINF091.html 6/9/98 Information Sheet 91 (April 1994) Page 8 of9 the Code has the right and responsibilities of appeal to the Advisory/Appeals Board of this jurisdiction. Section 14. Law Governing Conflicts. Where any provision of federal, state, county, or city statutes, codes, or laws conflicts with any provision of this code, the most restrictive shall govern unless otherwise regulated by law. Section 15. Violation. It shall be a civil infraction for any person to violate any of the provisions of this Code. Each and every day during which the violation continues shall constitute a separate offense. Section 16. Enforcement and Penalty. See 16.1. [City only] Pursuant to Section 28-12 of the Tucson Code: 1. When a violation of this Code is determined, the following penalty shall be imposed: a. A fine of not less than fifty dollars nor more than one thousand dollars per violation. The imposition of a fine under this Code shall not be suspended. b. Any other order deemed necessary in the discretion of the hearing officer, including correction or abatement of the violation. 2. Failure of a defendant to comply with any order contained in a judgment under this Code shall result in an additional fine of not less than fifty dollars nor more than one thousand dollars for each day the defendant fails to comply. Sec. 16.1. [County only] A violation of this Code is considered a civil infraction. Civil infractions shall be enforced through the hearing officer procedure provided by A.R.S. Section 11-808 and Sections 18.95.030, 18.95.040, and 18.101.60 of this Code [The numbering scheme of the Sections is different in the County Code]. A fine shall be imposed of not less than fifty dollars nor more than seven hundred dollars for any individual or ten thousand dollars for any corporation, association, or other legal entity for each offense. The imposition of a fine under this Code shall not be suspended. This material is copyrighted (@) by the IDA, or others as noted. It may be reproduced for non- commercial usage provided that credit is given to IDA. Provided here by NELP AG via permission by IDA, to aid in the availability of this important inf()rt11ation. III A key source for information on outdoor night lighting is the International Dark-SkY Ass9~illji!m (IDA). http://cfa_www.harvard.edu/cfa/ps/nelpag/INF091.html 6/9/98 ATlAvH-(\C)~\ Ie - ~ 20-1119 CHANHASSEN CITY CODE - .. (2) Where fractional spaces result, the parking spaces required shall be construed to be the next largest whole number. (3) Parking standards for uses not specifically mentioned in this division shall be deter- mined by the city. The factors to be considered in such determination shall include size of building; type of use, number of employees, expected volume and turnover of customer traffic and expected frequency and number of delivery or service vehicles. (Ord. No. 117, ~ 1, 1-8-90) - .. Sec. 20-1120. Yards. .. On-site parking and loading facilities shall not be permitted in the required front yard, side yard or rear yard. (Ord. No. 117, ~ 1,1-8-90) _ .. Sec. 20-1121. Buffer fences and planting screens. On-site parking and loading areas near or abutting residential districts shall be screened in conformance with the provisions of article XXV. (Ord. No. 117, ~ 1, 1-8-90) .. Sec. 20-1122. Access. .. . Parking and loading space shall have proper access from a public right-of-way. The number of width of access drives shall be located to minimize traffic congestion and abnormal traffic hazard. (Ord.No.117, ~ 1,1-8-90) . ;J( Sec. 20-1123. Lighting. All commercial, industrial, and multifamily parking lots shall be lighted. Lighting shall use shielded fixtures and be directed away from the public right-of-way and adjacent residen- tial or agricultural districts. Sufficient lighting shall be provided to illuminate all areas of the parking lot to provide adequate levels of safety. To minimize off-site impact, light levels as ',. ".'" measured at the property line shall not exceed one-half-footcandle as measured at the property line. . Sec. 20-1124. Required number of on-site parking spaces. On-site parking areas of sufficient size to provide parking for patrons, customers, sup- pliers, visitors, residents and employees shall be provided on the premises of each use. The following standards are minimum criteria. The city may increase the requirements beyond the minimum based upon findings that, due to proposed use andlor design, that additional parking demand is anticipated. The number of required parking spaces shall comply with the fol- lowing: (1) Calculating the number of spaces shall be in accordance with the following: a. If the number of off-street parking spaces results in a fraction, each fraction of one-half or more shall constitute another space; Snpp. No.2 1250 ~ 20-911 CHANHASSEN CITY CODE tions. Any such fuel storage tank shall be fenced in accordance with the fire code regulations and, in addition. shall be painted in earth tone colors or landscaped with low hedges, ever- greens, or other suitable screening material. (Ord. No. 80, Art. VI, ! 15, 12-15-86) Sec. 2()'912. Storage of garbage and trash. (a) No exterior incineration of trash or garbage is permissible. No exterior storage of trash or garbage is permissible except in an accessory building enclosed by walls and roof, or in closed containers within a totally screened area. (b) Subsection (a) does not apply to covered garbage cans in agricultural and single- family districts. (Ord. No. 80, Art. VI, ! 16,12-15-86) Sec. 20-913. Lighting. (a) Glare, whether direct or reflect~d, as differentiated from general illumination shall not be visible beyond the limits of the site from which it originates. (b) No light which is flashing, revolving or otherwise resembles a traffic-control signal shall be allowed in any area where it could create a hazard for passing vehicular traffic. State law reference-Similar provisions, M.S. ! 169.073. (c) Lighting fixtures should be of a design consistent with fixtures used in surrounding developments and municipal street lighting. Shielded high pressure sodium fixtures are required. (Ord. No. 80. Art. VI, ! 17,12-15-86) Supp. No.5 1234.2 - - SUBDIVISIONS ~ 18-78 - .. (1) All subdivision boundary corners, block and lot corners, road intersection corners and points of tangency and curvature shall be marked with durable iron or steel monu- ments meeting the minimum requirements of state law. The city may, when a subdivision is essentially complete, require a development to have the plat restaked to replace the original monuments destroyed or obliterated during the construction process. (2) As a rule, the surface water discharge rate from the subdivision is to be retained at the predevelopment rate for a one-hundred-year, twenty-four-hour storm event through the use of surface water detention/retention facilities or other appropriate means as approved by the city engineer. (3) Every street shall have an adequate sub-base and shall be improved with a bitumi- nous or concrete surface in accordance with the design standards specified by the city for urban or rural sections. Except in areas where lot widths exceed one hundred (100) feet or topography or tree cover dictates otherwise, grading shall provide for easy installation of sidewalks. (4) Concrete curb and gutter shall be required for all urban street sections. (5) Sidewalks may be required. (6) Where a public water supply is available within a reasonable distance of the proposed subdivision, the subdivider shall be required to provide a connection to the public system. Service connections shall be stubbed into the property line and all necessary fire hydrants shall be provided. Extensions of the public water supply systems shall be designed to provide public water service to each lot and shall be in accordance with applicable city requirements. (7) Street lighting of a type approved by the city shall be required at intersections and other locations. (8) If available, public sanitary sewer main and service connections shall be approved by the city engineer and installed to serve all lots in the subdivision. In unsewered areas, facilities for sewage disposal, which meet applicable city ordinance require. ments for individual sewage disposal systems must be provided. - . (9) A system that will adequately accommodate the surface water runoff within the subdivision, as required by this chapter, shall be provided. (10) Street signs of standard design approved by the city shall be installed at each street intersection. Regulatory signs shall be installed as required. (11) Where any proposed plat adjoins a natural lake, pond, river or stream, including streams which flow only intermittently, the city may require that a strip of land running along all sides thereof which are contiguous to such lake, pond or stream, be dedicated to the city for public use, or subject to a perpetual easement in favor of the city for the purpose of protecting its hydraulic efficiency and natural character and beauty. There shall also then be granted to the city the right of ingress to and egress from the dedicated land. .. - .. . . . .. Supp. No.5 1015 c=[] ] z -< 0 ... ~ .., .... 0 .... 0- on 0 on .... N c:: -< > . .., I N 1--07 ~. o G~NERAL NOTES - TYPE R LUMINAIRE: LUr.cIN~IRE SHALL BE EXTRUDED ALUMINUM RECTANCULAR SHOEBOX WITH HICH IMPACT RESISTANT F1..AT CLASS LENS. ONE-PIECE DIE-rORMED SPECULAR AL. R&i.ECTOR SEALED opnCAL ASSEI.IBL Y. TYPE III DISTRIBunON, 250 'NATT H.P.S. VOLT MOCAL BASE LAMP, C~SKETED DOOR. ADJUSTABLE MOCAL SASE LAMP SOCKET (400 WATT MAX,) ANO 240 VOLT BALLAST. ARM SHALL BE RECTANCULAR EXTRUDED ALUMINUM TUBE (2.25-:!: x 6-:!: x 12-:!: LONC). UCHTINC STANDARD SHALL BE CORTEN SELf"-WEA Tl-fERINC SOU ARE TAPPERED STEEL. REMOVASLE WEA Tl-fERPROOr TOP COVERPlATE. CD o o o CD CD o UCHTINC STANDARD B.ASE SHALL 5E rYPE-H CASE STEEL ACCESS COOR SHALL BE REMOV,l.BLE: WEATl-fERPROOr 0- X 7 1/4- X 9- HICH. PROVIDE INTE::lNAL CROUND LUC. FEEDER LEADS 1"0 Tl-fE L''':MINAIRE SHALL E:<iEND FRCM '!'HE PROPER CASL::S IN THE EASE OF 7',.;E S7 AND.:.RD Tl-fROUGH SE?ARA TE 5 AMPERE IN-rHE-UNE FUSES. SUITAeLE SOLeERLE:;S CCNNE-;1"O::lS SHALL eE USED. F'1JSES SHALL 5E EOUAL TO BUSSMAN IN- T1-fE-WNE 'Nolo TE::lFP.CCF FUSEHCL!:E? THPE HE:! Wli"rl ;. SUSSMAN iYPE FNM DUAL ELE~~E;" FUSE. GENE~AL NOTES: WCHnNC ASSEMeLY SHALL CON7AIN ALL MODIFiCATIONS NECESSARY TO COMPLY '.'IITl-f N.S.? GROUP III MAINiENANCE PRCGRAM. i,.;E CCNTR.:'C1"C? SHAU PROVIDE AND TURN OVER TO Tl-fE CliY, (2) SPARE !..UMINAIRES AND BALL....ST ASSE~~SL!ES CCMPLEiE WlTl-f ALL COMPONENTS AND MODIFIC':'ITONS AS RE.:!..'IRE:). rHE EX;.C'!' L'JCA TIONOr ALl.. SiREE7 UGHT ASSEMSUES SHALL 5E S7AKED 3Y THE ENGiNEE?.' L''':I.IIN':'iRE5 SE:NC PROVIDED ON irilS PRO~E.:7 SH;'Ll BE INSPECiEO "'ND APPRovE:) FeR INS7:.!.L.... ilON PRIOR TO INST.:.L!..A nON FCR Tl-fE N.S.? M':'INiEN':'NCE PROGR;'M. CCC?CINA iE 1:-;IS PROCE!:URE W1Tl-f iriE ,l.IJTHCRI!E:l N.S.P. REPRESENT;' nvE. ':'ll.. E:<;:':SEO MC':'!. CCMP':NE~lTS SH....LL BE .~CTO?Y FiNISHED SAKE:) ;,C?YLlC E~lAME~ TC \1'" iCH C'~iHE~1 ~-'(E':'R 'NE.~ ,rlEi'iING 57EE'-. AS PE~ Mn/QOT SPE.:. C:MPLE'":: ASSEMBLY SHALL SE SiRUCTIJRALLY DESiCNE:) FeR 100 MPH WINO LOAD FOR E.?... IMP0SEO. ALL WCHT 'MRES (INCLUCINC RUNS BE,..ve:EN LIGHT POL::S AND SiRE::T CROSSINGS) Si-<ALL EE PL;.CED IN CONDUIT. SPUCE SOXES OR HANDHOLES SH,l.LL BE INST':'LLE:O AT ALL SiREET CROSSINCS Tl-fA T SE::l'/E AN CPPOSITE SlOE LIGHT PCLE. P::lCVlDE 8RE...KAWAY FUSE HOLOE::lS LOCAiED AT DeOR OPENlNC FUSE; (mOM 301. - ooov-rC55j C:::::j CITY OF CHANHASSEN LIGHTING POLE REVISED: 2/97. 1/98 ~LE NAME: 393 5240 DATE: PLATE NO.: 5240 2-97 .. IY/H ( .. t\ ( 7 AC--t-t tv I t7--e---11 I I Ii .-......-...;..,'.'-... .. "~:;:J<,:~:_.}'- ~:'"":' "';~.:,:', ..s~;~~t~ilti~li~~l'J~:: L.ands~~~I~~~~~,:f~~:f"~~:~i':;(.l .. -- , -" . t , -" \ - \ , ... .. . I I I I - I , ~-' . NO CUTOFF lUMINAJRE . . .. . ,,~' '.~.. "'." ...~ ---- ....----- LUMlNAJRE wrrn LESS THAN 90' CUTOFF 90' CUTOFF LUNUNUYRE The a11l0ullt of Ctltoff p~~vided ill a ligbt fixture protects aga;mt excessive glare alld light trespass. A cutoff luminaire (right) etlsw'es that no light is emitted abo/le II horizolltalline parallel to the ground. A luminaire with a cutoff of less than 90 degrees (middle) completely shields the light source froni an observerfive fietabove the - ground at the poillt where the cutoff (mgle intersects the ground. . Exterior lighting has seldom been a priority for planners, who often are not knowledgeable about the subject. This aspect of the urban environment more often has been handled by engineers, public works officials, and lighting trade and utility company representatives. Decisions concerning lighting types and design often have been made by those public officials who pay · the bills and must face the grim reality of cost containment. But all that is changing. Several factors playa part in what seems to be the general public's increased interest in the visual environment. These include a heightened awareness of the . aesthetic value of their communities, consciousness of environmental pollution, and increased fear of crime. These concerns have complicated the basic purpose of light-to illuminate and provide security-and can create situations in which these purposes are at odds with each other. Most communities have to recognize and deal with the problem of glare. Light trespass from one land use to anOther needs to be regulated. Residential neighborhoods mUSt be protected from glare from parking lots, sports facilities, and other recreational events like outdoor concerts. Streets need to be lit well enough to give residents a feeling of security. The lighting mUSt also be attractive enough to make commercial and recreational facilities inviting and create a lively and prosperous setting. This issue of Zoning News reports on communities that have produced inventive lighting plans and ordinances and have taken a holistic approach, addressing lighting in all areas of the community and involving a cross-section of citizens in the process. It also looh at some good regulations and the measures they take to control glare, protect privacy, and promOte safety. Lighting Glossary . Exterior lighting types fall into two main categories- incandescent lamps (the type used to illuminate most homes) and the more prevalent high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps. Incandescent lamps produce light by heating a filament to high temperatures through an electric current while HID lamps produce light by passing an electric current through a gas. Very few communities in the United States still use incandescent lamps for street lighting because, although they produce a soft, white, attractive light, they are both costly and wasteful of energy. One community that docs-Kennebunkport, Mainc- is discussed below. HID lamps include mercury vapor, high-pressure sodium (HPS), low-pressure sodium (LPS), and metal halide. Mercury vapor lighting produces a harsh yellow light that is aesthetically unappealing but cheap to maintain. It was used widely in the United States until the introduction of sodium lighting in the 1970s. HPS has now become the nation's main source of exterior lighting. Because of its strong illumination and because it distorts color less than LPS, law enforcement officials prefer high- pressure sodium. For them, identification of suspects is crucial. Citizens have also come to prefer it as their fear of street crime intensifies. Some lighting professionals, however, feel that the safety feature has been overrated and that the glare produced by HPS is a hazard in itself. Metal halide produces a warm white light that is akin to incandescent lighting, is aesthetically pleasing, and produces excellent color rendition. But it suffers from high maintenance costs owing to a lower lamp life. "Group relamping rather than Spot relamping is the answer to this problem," says Nancy Clanton, president of Clanton Engineering in Boulder, Colorado. Clanton says most of the COSts of replacing lamps are labor costs and that replacing whole areas ofIamps at one time regardless of whether or not all are burned out is a cost-efficient maintenance scheme. Lighting Plans Kennebunkport. Maine. This town has "one of the two best lighting ordinances in the United States," says Tony Dater, a consultant in Biddeford, Maine. His other choice: Tucson, Arizona. First developed in 1970 by a committee of citizens and planners chaired by city engineer Peter Talmadge, the ordinance has been updated regularly, most recently in 1992. It is short and simple and uses ample graphics. Its unique feature is that it controls glare and light trespass by regulating the height of the luminaire (light fixture) and its setback from the property line. The height of the luminaire may be increased to 25 feet as it moves away from the property line. In conjunction with this, a full cut-off shade, which allows no direct light above a horizontal plane, is required for light over a certain degree of brightness. According to Talmadge, this system is easier and cheaper to enforce than the more conven- tional method of regulating glare by measuring footcandles (a standard measurement of illumination over a surface area of one square foot), which requires the enforcement officer to be equipped with expensive light-calibrating instruments. Talmadge is one of the many lighting professionals who feel strongly that, in the interests of security, most communities I ," ~ require too much brightness. . . ~ ' . /. Th~s re.su.lts.in dazzling glare, Communities lack g....... which IS 10 Itself unsafe. . fulI-scal~,iighfing -1 ~ennebunkpo~t h~s found Its plans 5fi1lmus~rah_ j IOcande~cent II~htlng , . .. I," _ '.' economically Viable because It frovlslon~}q !'?~~~) keeps the watta~e !ow. t 1,-:-l7JOft:!r.IJ~fS ~nCJ ~ ' j Alt~~ugh the o~lglOal ; . pe9..e~.f"Cl~ _' rom" [" 1 ~eclSlon to ret~1O . . , , . hazarc1s of are. n i IOcandescent lIghting stili ,: reilrict"igh~res'P.*" .i ~old~. th.e po~sibil~ty ofLPS jJ . '~' J'~';' .'. Q ...i IIghtlOg IS belOg discussed r ~. . PI c~ a, r. ~'I ,4:-"', with the Central Maine 1 :g:. ~ de~,~/arprC?T!f~ Power <?ompany. Talmadge ~ . 'I" r1 _"'~ // ,emphasizes that 35-watt LPS , ~ ".." .-. ........,. , . l..-.:.' '.' . lamps provide good light. Most utility companies disagree, but Talmadge feels that a dialogue on this subject can be productive. Tucson. In 1972, Tucson passed the first light pollution code in the nation. It has undergone regular revisions. most recently in 1994. In 1974, Pima County produced a virtually identical ordinance, and many other Arizona communities have adopted all or part of this code. The ordinance prohibits mercury-vapor lighting altogether and HPS and quartz lighting for most outdoor uses. Uplighting on billboards is also banned in some areas; in others, it must be turned off between 11 p.m. and sunrise. It also prohibits searchlights and laser-source lights {Qr ,ol-ltdoor advertising. Lighting for parking lots and sports facilities must be fully shielded so that no light is emitted above a horizontal plane. LPS lighting, which is essentially all one color, has been adopted throughout the community. The proximity of the Kilt Peak National Observatory influenced the development of this ordinance. The telescopes in use in observatories cannot filter out the broad-band lighting in HPS, and astronomers have successfully argued against its use in surrounding commu:tities. They prefer the monochromatic lighting ofLPS, which the telescopes can filter out. Kllnsas City, Missouri. Like many cities across the nation, Kansas City is phasing out its mercury-vapor lighting in favor of more efficient HPS streetlights. Last fall, the city and Kansas City Power and Light Company initiated a Neighborhood Streetlight Demonstration Project in two neighborhoods in an attempt to determine the best kind oflighting for an urban residential neighborhood. The neighborhoods included single- and multifamily residences. businesses, churches, and schools. One high-crime area was chosen because the perception of safety was deemed important. This pilot area was divided into two 20-block 2 sections. HPS lights were installed in one and metal halide in the other. The city surveyed residents, business people, and community officials and found that all groups felt that the new streetlights were,an improvement. Residents and business people were evenly divided, however, in their preferences for metal halide and HPS. Community officials, perhaps because oflower maintenance costs, have decided to install HPS lights. Nancy Clanton, whose firm designed the program, is pleased that Kansas City is using this pilot to help develop a lighting plan for the whole city. Clanton feels that cities too often approach their lighting piecemeal instead oflooking at the overall context. She hopes the experiment will interest other cities. Toronto. Last fall, Toronto, the last major North American city to be served almost entirely by an incandescent lighting system installed after World War II, completely retrofitted its street lights. Yearly costs approaching $4 million impelled the city to seek a cheaper system. The choice became a hot political issue. Not surprisingly. the commissioner of public works preferred HPS because of its low capital and operating costs. But strong opposition within the community led to the formation of the Street and Lane Lighting Sub-Committee consisting of citizens, council members, and representatives from the planning and public works departments and Ontario Hydro. The committee initiated test installations and recommended warm-white metal halide lights (the closest in character to incandescent lighting) in the traditional acorn- shaped lamps already in use. "Metal halide costs more, but we made a decision that it is worth more," says committee member Alfred Holden, The city installed 40.000 of these high-efficiency lamps, expecting to reduce electric bills-by about $2 million annually-as well as carbon monoxide emissions from generating stations. Ontario Hydro's Street Smart Program will reimburse the city for 25 percent of the cost of replacing existing fixtures. The entire project is expected to cost approximately $15 million. Des Moines. The Riverfront Lighting Master Plan in Iowa's capital is the product of a cooperative endeavor by planners, engineers. transportation engineers, parks and recreation officials, and outside landscape and lighting professionals, architects, and power company representatives. Planning department staff led the Riverfront Lighting Committee, which wanted to realize the riverfront's potential as a major recreational source and reverse public perception of the area as unsafe. The committee chose to ban high-intensity floodlights, choosing a combination of HPS lamps over bridges and metal halide lamps on the Des Moines River esplanade. The city council adopted the plan in 1992, but it has been only partially implemented due to difficulties in obtaining funding. Nonetheless, it is an example of a lighting plan in which engineers and planners were part of the same process and could endorse what they felt was a solid workable plan in which they agreed on aesthetic and maintenance issues. , . ~_ t ~ Basic Ordinance Provisions Communities lacking full-scale lighting plans still must draft provisions to protect motorists and pedestrians from the hazards of glare and restrict light trespass, particularly near residential property. In Tht Subdivision and Sift Plan Handbook (Center for Urban Policy Research, 1989), David Listokin and Carole Walker recommend that communities follow standards provided by the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) or use a plan designed by the utility company. However, some lighting professionals feel that utility companies routinely pressure for excessive illumination. In any case, Listokin and Walker recommend that lighting be Resources.' .'. ... ":';":'.;.:.;" ,,'.:'~j.,W~~'~~;::":;~O...:.:: ,.' '. '. _:<: .:.~;:~! x;:',;, . ..,..:. ". ' >. "-' >;.!.,:. ;.'. .: :;' ". -: . '..":.>;~ 5.2,~""i:.;;<;(~:,,:>,:':; .;,r'~~ :':""C:.. ~ ;,:';.,.'.:;;:::,;:.~::.' ~:'.,.. - ...~. ',.:. ...<?~toff"!,yp~LU~ID~Jr~::~~~,lt,~J~:;..:.;;.~ " .' , . :' ":"'<;'. ",-,:(:: . De Chiara, Joseph and Lee Koppelinan;~ ." . : : 1I1~~I~at10~,~~th e1e~e.~ts s~.c.~ +~:~,: Illuminating EngineerIng ~oc!e!y'::-.. ;:,.; S' F.'" . S da .J. N y: Ie" ,... shIeld. reflectors. or refractor '-'~,""_ fN th Am . . , - .t" . lt~ umnmg tan ras. ew or.. ..'. I' 'h' d' . "". ". ,','" 405 Easor4 th Ser!.ca,.: :~:,,,,.'.;.:,.:~.;;;;..t,;.~_.. McGraw-Hill'1978...; _ -,,':.: '.:;-:;:' :; __ .:.:.... pane s,t ~t. lCect lmCl cut off the::':;:' 3 t 7 t. ..., . ":~'-'.::-5~~"':::" . .' .. . . : :., . ';' " _' '. . ~:'. . Iigh't .at. a cutoff angle leSs'than 90 . ,_.. New York. NY 10017.... .:. > '. KendIg. we. WIth Swan Connor.... 'degreesO:'t"'-'",.<,;;,_.. :;::":;"+-"':'U--:'--;' ;. 212-705-7913 . ' '. ": '.,: <. . Cranstbn Byrd. and)udyHeyman. F' dI',:;~i;::;-':i'i("';"':"';';'-'>o~:> . . . ........... P~rformanc~Zoning,Chicago:APA ootan e:aunlto I umlnatl?n.'.... International Dark Sky Assocl~tJon Planners Press. 1980. . pr~du~d on ~ surface. aU pOI.nts 0(.' 3545 North Stewart ...','.... '..-... L' ki D 'd d C I W Ik Th whIch are one foot from a umform ... . Tucson.~. 85:16 ' \..~.f::~~i;~;J.{~', >;., 1S~~bdi~isi;:1 'a.nd Siu a;,~~ H:ndt'oolr. ~'?:'~c. p~~~~,~,u~~:~~efi~~~~~if~~~r New E.ngland Light PolJul!on,:":';'!'\;" " . New BrunSWIck, N.).: Center. for,.',.~Iar:' Ilgh~ellll.C?!1g {r,om. ~},':l.mlnal.re.~, A?vlsory Group ...,:.....:.~'-'~:..~':.:;:;...,.<.. ',Urban Policy Research. Rutgers, : __. '~Y/lth.an~n.teru.lt~ gr~tenough,t~'~L.: .. Da?lelW:.E.Green '. _:',:,':~';;:.: University. 1989:" " '.... .~edu<:e.a.':I~~rs~~ll!.ty,!?see.ar14.:<:. Smlthsoman AstrophYSIcal Observatory Smith. Thomas P., Th~ Atsthnics of In. extrem~ ~~~,e~~~g ,e~.lIle~~. 60 Garden Street' Po k' p' A co R N 411 bllndn.es. S.", ._..c...... ",,,,_. ,. '''_'._~,,,. ..'. .. . ar: lng. ~ epoct o. . " ..', ... . "",.,~,..,,~ ..,.,~ .... .,.,~. <;. .: Cambndge. MA 02138 . ..._'--.c.... '" Chicago: APA 1988. Light Trespass~thc;,shining ofJight.:.... R.E.S.Y. Inc. .... . -- . ~ .. -, produced by a lurninaire beyond the ... . Debra L. Sachs-Principal Investigator ~: ?~undaries of the property on which Michael Munson Cutoff: the point at which all light rays It IS located. 11 Pearl St. emitted by a lamp. light source, or Luminaire: a complete lighting unit Essex Junction, vr 05452 luminaire are completely eliminated consisting of a light source and all 802-879-0605 (cut off) at a specific angle above the necessary mechanical, electrical, and Urban Consortium Energy Task Force ground. decorative parts. Chittenden County Regional Cutoff Angle: the angle formed by a line Planning Commission drawn from the direction of light rays at P.O. Box 108 the light source and a line perpendicular Essex Junction, vr 05453 to the ground from the light source, 802-658-3004 above which no light is emitted. provided at intersections, along walkways, at entl)ways, between buildings, and in parking areas. They also advise more lighting on commercial than on residential streets. As to the spacing and height oflight fixtures, they suggest: · Spacing of standards shall be equal to approximately four times the height of the standard. · The maximum height of standards shall not exceed the maxi- mum building height permitted, or 25 feet, whichever is less. · The height and shielding oflighting standards shall provide proper lighting without hazard to drivers or nuisance to residents. The authors do not specify standards for shielding, but many lighting professionals say only full cutoff shields, which allow no light above a horizontal plane, are acceptable. Lane Kendig, in PerjOrpt,!nceZoning(APA Planners Press, 1980), says a light fixture's maximum height should depend on the amount of shielding provided. Many uses have the option of providing a lower light post with a noncutoff cype luminaire or a higher pole, up ro sixty (60) feet with a luminaire that totally cuts off light spillover at a cutoff angle smaller than ninecy (90) degrees. Kendig exempts outdoor lighting for night sports facilities such as baseball diamon-is, playing lields, and tennis courts but requires that the illumination source be shielded at a 90- degree angle. The IES recommends two footcandles of illumination for pedestrians to have good percepdon of obstacles more than 50 feet away on a street or sidewalk. It recommends two footcandles for altendant parking in a commercial area and one for self-parking. In Siu Planning Standards. De Chiara and Koppelman concur, but some parking consultants advise that the real or perceived dangers of parking environments require an average of live footcandles for adequate safecy. Al/ definitions ar~ ftom Performance Zoning, acept tkfinitions of light tmpass and glare. which come ftom the Kennebunkport. Main~, ordinance. Glare and Light Below are some examples of zoning ordinances that regulate glare and light spill by prescribing a combination of luminaire height, cutoff shields, and precise footcandle measurements. Greenwich, Connecticut, requires that, with some exceptions, all light sources be shielded so that, "[a]djacent to business uses, the light Source shall not be visible at a height greater than five (5) feet above ground level" and "[a]djacent to residential uses, the light source shall not be visible at ground level or above." Any type of uplighting that is not lighting buildings, trees, shrubs, or site surfaces is prohibited. This ordinance does not differentiate between residential and business zones except that perimeter lighting in residential zones must be limited to 0.1 footcandle anywhere along a property line. Vai~ Colorado, requires that developers submit an outdoor lighting plan "separately from the site plan or landscape plan, and . . . show the location. the height above grade, the type of illumination (such as incandescent, halogen, high-pressure sodium etc.), the source lumens, and the luminous area for each source light which is proposed." A pole light may not be higher than 35 feet in a commercial area. eight feet in a residential area, or eight feet in either if "affixed to vegetation." In commercial areas, all light sources higher than 15 feet must be fitted with a full cutoff shield. All flashing lights are prohibited. Eatontown, New Jersey. The light pollution ordinance requires that, "at the property line of subject property illumination from light fixtures shall not exceed 0.1 footcandles on residentially zoned property or 0.5 footcandles on business zoned property, measured on a vertical plane." IES recommended levels are to be used in roadway lighting, parking lots, and recreational and sports facilities. Shielding is required on almost all outdoor lighting. Bronxville, New York, is still lit mainly by incandescent lighting. Provision is made for some fluorescent and metal halide lamps, but high- and low-pressure sodium, mercury- 3 vapor, and neon lights are prohibited, as are flashing lights, searchlights. and cobra head fixtures. Metal halide fixtures in parking lots, pedestrian paths, and building perimeter areas must be fitted with full cutoff. In those areas, lamps with decorative fixtures may not exceed the equivalent of 150 watts (incandescent). Juneau, Alasluz, relates the height of light fixtures to "the lamp size, the type ofluminaire which is being used, and the . purpose of the lighting." Heights range from below eye level through 10 to 15 feet in malls and walkways to 60 feet and 100 feet for large-area lighting such as parking lots and highway interchanges. Shielding is required on all outdoor lighting under 35 feet to reduce hazards from glare. Lighting intensity guidelines are: 1.5 footcandles in parking lots; three in intersections; 0.2 in residential developments; and one along the perimeter of property lines. Other Developments No national standards for outdoor lighting exist in the U.S.. but states are getting involved. A Maine law bars use of state funds to replace any permanent outdoor lighting fixture unless state- mandated guidelines for the design of the fixture are followed. The guidelines say that any new or replacement fixture must be equipped with a full cutoff shade. Connecticut has passed legislation controlling glare, and Wisconsin. Massachusetts. New Jersey. New York, and Texas are considering doing so. In Vermont. the Chittenden County Regional Planning Commission has hired Michael Munson. of the Research Evaluation Specialists of Vermont. to prepare a manual. "A Site Lighting Guide for Vermont Municipalities." The commission created an Urban Consortium Energy Task Force with funding from the U.S. Department of Energy and other sources. The task force aims to educate communities on general principles of good lighting and to help in crafting workable ordinances. Three communities (urban, suburban. and rural) will be selected for case studies as part of this process. APA's Northern New England chapter and the Vermont Planners Association are cooperating in this venture. Much of the impetus behind the banning of HPS lighting in the Southwest has come from the International Dark Sky Association, formed 13 years ago by David Crawford. an astronomer at the Kitt Peak Observatory. San Diego, which modeled its ordinance on Tucson's. has since bowed to pressure from law enforcement officials and the public and reinstalled HPS lighting in some areas. Crawford and his colleagues view this as evidence that they need to intensify their public education efforts. The organization has helped communities nationwide prepare light control ordinances and also has focused attention on the problem oflight trespass in urban areas. Z.";"l Nnvr i. a monthly newslett.r publi.hed by the Am.rian Planning Auocillion. SulNcription. an: availabl. for S45 (U.s.) and S54 (for.ign). Micha.1 B. B.rk.r. Executive Director; Frank S. So. Deputy Executive Director; Willi.m R. K1.in. Director of Research. Zmri"l Nnvr i. produced at APA. Jim Schw.b. Ediror; F.y Dolnick. Scott Dvor.k. Mich.lI. Gn:gol)'. S.njay Jeer. Megan Lewi.. Marya Morris. Marty Roupe. Laura Thompson. Reponers; Cynthia Ch.slr.i. Assillant Editor; Usa B.rton. Design .nd Production. . COJ'Y'ight CI995 by Am.rican PI.nning A..ociation. 122 S. Michig.n Av... Suit. 1600. Chicago. IL 6060l. Th. Am.rican Planning A..oci.tion has h..dquart.rs offi... at 1776 M....chu..1tS Av... N.W.. W.shington. DC 200l6. All rights re..twd. No part of thi. public.tion m.y b. r.produc.d or utili..d in .ny form or by .ny mean.. e1.ctronic or mechanical. including photocopying. r.cording. or by .ny inform.tioft 1I0r.ge .nd r.tri.v.1 'y".m. without permi..ion in writing from the American PI.nning A..ociation. Printed on recycled paper. including 50-70% recycled liber and J 0% po.tcon.umer w.lle. @ 4 The New England Light Pollution Advisory Group (NELPAG) is based at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts. and directed by Daniel Green. who argues that reducing wattage and fully shielding lamps are more important than the choice of lighting type. NELPAG has also produced an information package for writing city and town ordinances and lobbies for state lighting reform legislation. Planners may find it rewarding to develop a clear sense of purpose about public lighting and to become more involved in its design and regulation in their communities. Community lighting often grows to inappropriate and unnecessary levels. producing energy waste, rising fiscal costs, and glare. It is advisable to consider sources beyond the local utility company, for other excellent resources exist. Communities are most successful when they receive input from a cross-section of the community. including planners, public works officials, utility company representatives, interested citizens. and lighting design professionals. all engaging in constructive dialogue. ZOIY/HG~i2orts Adult Entertainment Study Bookstort. Dtpartmtnt of City Planning. City of Ntw' York. 22 R(adt St.. Ntw York. NY 10007. Novtmbtr 1994. 96 pp. $5 plus $1 postagt. 41 ctnfs salts tax unkss ordtr(d with tax-txtmption Jorm. As reporred in Zoning Ntws last month. New York City is in the mjdst of revamping its adult use zoning regulations cityWide. This study was part of the planning effort that prepared those regulations and contains a good deal of interesting data on patterns of adult use concentrations throughout the city. It is also valuable to planners and zoning administrators elsewhere for its review of major adult use studies in other cities across the country, as well as for its history of legal developments in this field and of the evolution of adult uses in relation to advances in cinematography. The study notes. for example. that $100 films have now become $5 videotapes, altering the marketing of adult movies. Fortress America: Gated and Walled Communities in the United States Edward j. Blaktly and Mary Gail Snydtr. Lincoln Institutt of Land Policy. 113 Brat/It St., Cambridgt. MA 02138. 1995. 63 pp. $10 plus $3.50 shipping and handling (50 cmfS shippingJor tach additional copy). Acknowledging a dearth of scholarly analysis to date on the subject of gated communities. this working paper attempts an investigative study drawing heavily on journalistic sources and interviews with focus groups. Illustrating a trend toward withdrawal from the larger society, the authors raise serious questions about the segregative impacts of walled communities and even the viability of democratic government where citizens have erected such walls. Going well beyond planning and zoning questions about the phenomenon it studies, this paper attacks the very philosophy that undergirds the growing trend toward enclosure. c o P M L A M/ N 5 N 5 / it TrAG 1-1 "-/1 R~ r / N G ONE R 12 t:: ........ For AmClica's l.!llnicipa! & COllnty Planning Boards Lighting Our Streets he lighting of our streets is important to e\'Cry one of us. \ \'e should e"pect to walk along the streets of our town or city and feel that \I'C arc in a safe, welcoming environment in which we can see what we want cOlltilll/cd 011 ['agc G 1'1.\........ I.... c; (t) \1 \11 S sin.... I: R S J tll R.....-\ L .... L' \1 [J [R -I \1:\ Y / J L.: ~ [ I 9 q 2 ~'f.-'-'r-u_"\'~~~~"',~,:,~ :-.j J)" Planning for \. Lights "- Before a city or town goes to the expense of purchasing new lighting fixtures, it may want to ask that a working sample be installed on the street. This is often helpful because of the difficulty of fully knowing just how any particular lighting will actually look and feel. Members of a planning board, and other interested citizens, can provide valuable reactions to such mock-ups. The planning board or department might also take an active role in developing an overall lighting plan for the community- in coordination with the public works department. A lighting plan essentially sets out the lighting system that will work best for each type of street in the commu- nity. Lighting design consultants can help a community in this process. Glare We see in several discrete steps of brightness. If we were adapted to the brightness of a sunny day, we could not see any detail if we were to peer into a dark cave. If, however, we were adapted to the brightness of a moonlit night, and looked into the same cave, much more detail would be visible. Glare is a point or field of brightness that is above the general level of bright- ness to which we are adapted at any moment. So if we are sitting in a dimly lit room, and someone shines a flashlight in our face, we would say, "that's glare.n But if we are sitting at the beach on a sunny day, and someone shines the same flashlight at us, we might not even notice. Glare is a constant problem in street lighting since it prevents us from seeing clearly. We look at a street light, or an oncoming headlight, against the backdrop of the black nighttime sky. They can't help but be a source of glare. A commu- nity can take steps to reduce glare by decreasing the number of high-intensity fIXtures, and by using better-shielded fIXtures. [Editor's Note; Take a look at David Crawford's short article and the sidebar on the Pima County Lighting Control Ordinance on page 10 of this issue for more on glare]. Lighting Our Streets... way between two poles - there is a pole contributing light from the other side 01 the street. When staggered, the distance between poles on the same side of the street can range from 100 to 150 feet (using thirty foot high poles). While this may convey an appealing pattern when viewed on a two- dimensional plan drawing, when viewed from the ground in our three-dimensional world, it usually appears as no pattern at all. The flanking arrangement, on the othel hand, has an rhythm and visual logic im. mediately apparent to the eye of a pedes- trian or motorist. . . . continued from cover and need to see. But too often we take street lighting for granted: "It's just there;" "It's a tech- nical issue; " "Let the engineers handle it;" "I'm not going k> get involved in that - it's too complicated." It is true that there are technical as- pects of street lighting in which not just anyone could - or would want to - get involved. But there are other aspects of street lighting that any thoughtful person can explore and make decisions about. These mostly involve "feet-and-inches" and color issues. Before turning to these issues, there is another reason why lighting is too impor- tant to be left to the engineers alone. That is because of the value of the "perceived" dollar. In public works projects, not all dollars are created equal: some dollars carry more readily visible impact. If, for instance, one million taxpayer dollars are spent ripping up a street and replacing all the utilities underneath, that is an undeni- able public benefit. But how happy will the public be if the result of the considerable disruption and expenditure is a street that looks the same as it did before? An im- provement in a highly visible amenity like the lighting system helps to foster an im- proved public impression of the overall value of the project. There are three major "feet-and- inches" issues to consider at the beginning of any discussion about street lighting: 1. Plan Arrangement: Staggered or Flanking 2. Scale: Pole Height 3. Pole & Fixture Details PLAN ARRANGEMENT Two arrangements of street lights are commonly used: "staggered" and "flank- ing." The staggered arrangement is more economical, since it uses fewer poles. This is because just at the point where there tends to be the lowest level of light - half- . . Staggered PaUem . . . . . Flanlling PaUcm . From a city-wide perspective, ball arrangements may be appropriate. Onl approach is to use the pole arrangement to reinforce the street "hierarchy." For ex ample, on the more important or heavil: used streets, use the flanking arrangement while on less important streets, use the lese expensive staggered arrangement. SCALE & POLE HEIGHT Scale and pole height are importan issues in street lighting. Very high ligh poles - which allow for the distributior of light over broad areas - are most aF propriate for freeways or shopping ma parking lots. But for downtown areas, the: may be a poor choice. The most familia fixture - the cobra head -shines ligr into second and third story windows. Th distribution oflight from high poles is sirr ply not suited for the typical downtown c town center where relatively narrow stree are framed by building walls. In a downtown pedestrian-oriente area, and in some residential districts, il ' often desirable to use the scale of a "po lantern," rather than that of a street light., post lantern -including the pole and fi ture - is ordinarily ten to fifteen feet hig PLANNING COMMISSlONERS JOURNAL NUMBER 4 MAY/JUNE 1992 This puts it at a pedestrian scale. A thirty foot pole, on the other hand, is a disem- , bodied presence on the street: the lighting element is way up there, and not really a part of the pedestrian view. When post lanterns are used, the luminaire must be carefully selected in order to light the city street to contemporary standards which call for higher light levels than in the early , period of electric street lighting, when post lanterns were more common. Using shorter poles generally means that they must be more closely spaced. A rule-of-thumb is that a high performance pole-mounted light has a maximum spac- , ing of about five or six times its mounting height. Thus if a light is twelve feet off the ground, the poles can be spread up to sixty , or seventy feet apart. These are rough ap- proximations, and each option needs to be compared with the manufacturer's data by a professional lighting designer. It is also important to bear in mind that as light fixtures are placed higher and further apart, they require increased power to achieve the same lighting level. Increased power leads to increased glare from the .light.)S1 "Glare" p.6 The daytime aspect of the poles and fixtures should not be forgotten. A hand- -some pedestrian lantern, or a taller pole that is thought- fully designed, en- riches the city. Un- fortunately, atten- tion to design de- tails, especially from a pedestrian's point-of-view, is of- ten not given much consideration. POLE &: FIXTURE DETAILS A street light has three essential parts: a lighting fixture (or luminaire), a shaft or pole to support the fixture, and a base to anchor the pole and house the electrical ........necessities. The base. This part of a street light serves two functions: it contains the elec- trical connections to the power supply, and it provides the holes or slots that are ;lipped over. the anchor bolts in the foot- :ng to secure the pole to the ground. Un- fortunately, the size of many bases is often simply determined by the size required for an access panel or door, and the breadth needed to cover the an- ""'T AUJI'1I>1ill'1'~1>f' chor bolts. Many of the <""" '.f'8<o1F'1'A'f'tl-l> bases used today are only fifteen to eighteen pn;(CAI1.~f& ~f'ltX.fP~ inches high. Yet bases (~~lf1CJ<11IN> three to five feet in height often produce a much better overall proportion. This is es- pecially true on a high pole, as the eye tends to lose interest if a shaft simply rises straight up for twenty-five or thirty feet. A more substantial base - one that has a presence - can counteract this. The shaft. Materials used for shafts range from steel and aluminum to cast iron, concrete, or even fiberglass. The choice is generally based on the level of detail desired, the height and relative strength needed, envi- /l>$ rlf'a CH.;f I~ f"I-" ronmental factors, and, <.o!U- ""f'fblf~> not surprisingly, cost. Shafts come in a variety of shapes: round, square, octago- nal; with straight or tapered sides; and with smooth or Outed profiles. In general, straight, plain shafts are made of formed steel or aluminum, while shafts having more detail (for example, a tapered shaft, with a fluted profile) are often cast alumi- num or iron. The luminaire or light fixture. There are three basic means of controlling the direc- tion of light as it emanates from the bare bulb: reflectors, refractors, and diffusers. Reflectors are made of shiny, polished aluminum and are located above and around the sides of the """'~HPL.l!- lamp. They are designed to reflect light that would otherwise go up into the sky downward to the street and people. A common system used in street lighting is the sharp cut-off reflector, in which virtually no light leaves the fixture above an angle of about 70 degrees (as measured from straight down). Refractors are carefully formed glass or plastic devices that surround the bulb and whose surfaces are composed of hundreds of tiny prisms, each of which bends the rays of light down into a specific pattern. Diffusers, when used alone, provide continued on nexl page Posl Lanlern , , PlAj\;j\;ING COMMISSIONERS JOURNAL NUMBER 4 MAY/JUNE 1992 . 11'-"1" lP1,.pll 'I. I I ;~-~--^~~f{~-f" L'IIII ., ::+ 1 -- ~~"'~"",,,' 11'11.,' I -fife- "~" ~I",,""'"P" \.. .' .) ~--...." -~"l.:.."~"-""'~"" ,-' -' .~..,. . ,.._~,_~~.-J......":""" -=:';'.:..<~ ~ Lighting A & Safety For local officials perhaps the most important issue relating to lighting is safety. "More light means more safety" is a common assumption. While it is, of course, true that an absolutely dark environment can conceal dangers, and make movement dangerous for both pedestrians and motorists. it does not seem to be the case that more light necessarily means more safety. When dealing with automobile safety, the glare from street lights or parking lot lights can actually make it more difficult to see into shadowed areas. in between cars. One's vision can be temporarily dazzled by looking into a bright light. Also, abrupt transitions in the overall level of brightness can be dangerous for motorists. In terms of safety from crime, above some relatively low level of light. there is little evidence that simply increasing the amount of light deters criminals. Washing plazas with great amounts of light from large sports floodlights mounted on tall poles or adjoining buildings only contributes to a prison- yard atmosphere. If anything, it adver- tises an area as a potentially threatening place. To make an area feel safe, consideration needs to be given to more than just light level. Factors such as light color, source brightness, glare shielding, fixture placement. surface finish colors must also be taken into account. A hOUSt: with "security. lighting. Light is splattered everywhere. and a great deal of glare is produced. With the glare and deep shadows contrasting with the bright areas, criminals easily hide from from view! Neighbors also hate these lights because they "trespass" on other people's property. from Light Pollution: Problems and Solutions (Int'l Darh Shy Ass'n 1990). Lighting Our Streets. .. continued from previous page life and higher light output. Improved ver sions of H.P.s., with excellent color char acteristics, are arriving on the market. Low Pressure Sodium is an entirel' monochromatic light source, meaning tha all of its light is of a single wavelength: an intense yellow hue. It reveals the world it shades of brown. L.p.s. is used primarily a a security light in storage yards, or as a night light inside retail establishments. Metal Halide lamps are probably see ond to High Pressure Sodium in terms 01 use in street lighting. Overall, they pro duce the best color for most street lightinJ applications. Their bright white light ren. ders most surfaces relatively well. How ever. the life expectancy and output 0 metal halide lamps are not as good as H.P.S. Mercwy Vapor was used extensivel~' for street lighting in the 1950's, and is stil used in some smaller communities and in park lighting. It appeals to maintenance departments because it is less expensiv1 than the other lighting sources, lasts a long time. and has the simplest technology. However, it produces a cool, almost bluisl light. that give~ people, buildings and paving material a blanched look Mercury vapOl lamps also tend tc provide noticeabl~ less light as they age Incandescen lamps are the leas expensive in terms of first cost. However they have the lowest efficacy. and th, shortest life expectancy. This makes then more expensive to operate. They are usee for street lighting only in limited ways to day: mainly in a few low-volume residen tial neighborhoods and special areas lik plazas and malls. Their appeal is that the.. provide the best and most constant colo characteristics of any electric light sourCt; people, special paving materials, and lana' scaping all look natural. Improved version of the incandescent lamp, such as quart or halogen lamps, have somewhat hight' efficacy and longer life than standard ir candescent. Fluorescent lamps are not widely use in street lighting today. Long fluoresce' PLANNING COMMISSIO:-<ERS JOURNAL NUMBER 4 MAY/JUNE 1992 no real control of light. They simply spread the glaring brightness of the bare bulb over the larger area of the diffuser's surface. If the entire luminaire housing is a simple dif- fuser, much of the output from the lamp goes upward. This doesn't help lighting streets or people and promotes atmo- spheric light pollution. There are many fixtures on the mar- ket that use a combination of reflectors, refractors, and diffusers. While it is pos- sible for a professional lighting designer to evaluate the photometric performance of a luminaire (that is, determine how much light will be delivered to the street sur- face), the issue of how a fixture will look in the nighttime environment is somewhat subjective. The best way to evaluate such concerns is by seeing a working sam- ple.A "Planning..." p. 6 SOURCES &: COLOR Color can be the most frustrating as- pect of street lighting for non-profession- als to understand, largely because of the wide variety of lighting sources being used. A first step to reduce confusion is to un- derstand that there are three basic families of lighting sources: High Intensity Dis- charge (UH.I.D"), Incandescent and Fluores- cent. H.I.D. lamps are the most commonly used source for street lighting. There are, in turn, four types of H.LD. lamps: High Pressure Sodium, Low Pressure Sodium, Metal Halide, and Mercury Vapor. High Pressure Sodium is used for most city street lighting today. It produces an orange-yellow light and has good light output and lamp life ratings. While some paving materials look good under H.P.S. light, others do not. H.P.s. causes people to look a bit jaundiced. Because of its lim- ited spectrum, greens tend to look brown- ish - a drawback in lighting nicely land- scaped areas or trees with H.P.s. But public agencies often favor it because of its longer fit.. Bal/ery Park, New York Cily "very high output" tubes were used for street lighting when the only viable com- petition was mercury vapor, but such sys- tems are rare today. New compact fluores- cent lamps, however, are now widely used in interior lighting, and are starting to be considered for low-scale exterior lighting. Their appeal is that they have good con- stant color characteristics and a relatively long life. SUMMING Up: Lighting has a significant impact on our cities and towns. By night it allows us , to see every component of our streetscape and the people in it. By day, light poles and fixtures are a visible presence along our streets. Analyze proposed lighting in terms of plan arrangement; scale and height; base, shaft and luminaire character; and 1ight color. Think about what you like and don't like in other communities' lighting systems. The lighting of our streets doesn't ,have to be bland by day and glaring by night. Robert Prouse is a partner with the Jinn oj H. M. Brandston & Partners, lne. in New York City, ?nd is a member oj the lntel11ational Association oj jghting Designers and the llumilJating Engineering ;(lciety. Since 1979 M,'. ~rouse has also been on the ,acuity oJthe Parsons School oj Design, where he teaches ;n the Lighting Design Jrogram. ~ Light Pollution , " " Most of what we call sky glow, or light pollution, comes from poorly shielded street and parking lot lights. The direction that light emanates from a fixture is listed relative to nadir, or straight down, which is always considered 0 degrees. Any significant amount of light exiting a fixture above 90 degrees does not help light streets or people (though in some situations it may be useful for lighting trees). It does, however, cause the atmosphere above our cities to glow - and prevents us from seeing the stars. Since it is wasted light, it is also wasted energy. Many modem lighting fixtures emit their greatest amount of light at about 70 degrees, which works out well for the typical spacing of light poles. In a well- designed fixture, the amount of light emitted in the zone between 70 degrees and 90 degrees falls off rapidly, so that virtually no light goes up into the sky. In areas near astronomical observato- ries, one needs to plan with special care. Not only is upward directed light damag- ing to observation, but the spectral composition of the light is critical. Some stray electric light can be filtered out by the astronomers, but if certain sources are used, say mercury vapor, filtering them out also filters out much of what they're trying to see in the sky. Astronomers have the least problem with low pressure sodium, but use of that source has problems for people and landscape, since it renders everything in shades of brown. [Editor's Note: Light pollution poses the type of problem that county or regional planning commissions may be especially well-suited to deal with since it clearly cuts across- or rather "over"- municipal borders. For more on light pollution, see pages 10 - 11 of this issue.] Darkness & Light Kevin Lynch, one of America's most thoughtful city planners, observed that: "Darkness is a necessary foil for the play of light, as silence is for sound. Outdoor lighting has generally been guided by one simple rule: as even and as high a level of illumination as possible over every square inch. The result has been ghastly... Outdoor light should be concentrated where the people are and where they want the light to see by." From Lynch's, Site Planning 2nd Ed. (MIT Press 1971). A Lighting ~ Glossary Average rated life is the term applied to how long a lamp will last - on average. Efficacy is a measure of how efficiently a lamp converts electrical energy into light; the units are in "lumens per watt." Efficiency is the percentage rating of a luminaire that indicates what part of the bare lamp's lumens leave the luminaire in any direction. Lamp is the term a lighting designer uses for a light bulb. Lumens is the unit of measure of the total amount of light produced by a lamp. Luminaire is a lighting fixture assem- bly, made up of the lamp, reflector, refractor, and housing. Resources << - .~ The International Association of Lighting Designers will provide references for people or institu- tions needing independent lighting design consulting. For information, contact them at: 18 East 16th Street, New York, NY 10003; (212) 206-1281. The other major organization in the field of lighting, The Illuminating Engi- neering Society of North America, stresses lighting education and the development of technical guidelines. It publishes the IES Lighting Handbook - the lighting professionals' "bible." The IES is located at: 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017; (212) 705- 7926. PL.-\!\:!\:I1\:G COMMISSIONERS JOURNAL NUMBER 4 MAY/JUNE 1992 II l+~..I""o.k"". _' . -_......;.. ....~.~ ~" . L ~. _'. .J Understanding Light Pollution PIMA COUNTY, ARIZONA, r::::J Ught Pollution Code "Purpose ... It is the intent of this code to encourage, through regulation of types, kinds, construction, installation, and uses of outdoor electrically powered illuminat- ing devices. lighting practices and systems which will reduce light pollution and conserve energy while increasing night- time safety, utility, security. and produc- tivity." The Pima County ordinance requires subdivision applications to indicate the proposed location and type of illuminat- ing devices to be used, as well as data (from the fIxture manufacturer) showing the angle of light emissions. The ordi- nance also, among other things: prohibits the new installation of mercury vapor lamps; requires the shielding of many kinds of outdoor lighting fIxtures; and prohibits, in certain areas, the illumina- tion of outdoor advertising signs and recreational facilities after 11 pm. Copies of the ordinance, as well as information sheets on various aspects of light pollution, are available from the International Dark-Sky Association (IDA). 3545 N. Stewart Ave., Tucson, AZ 85716. Billboards A typical advertis- ing billboard, seen from the side. While some of light from the fixture gets onto the board, most goes into the sky and is wasted. What can be done to improve this kind of lighting? First, the fIXtures can be mounted above the board so they shine down. Second, more efficient fIXtures can be used. Third, the lights can be time controlled so they go off late at night. From Light Pollution: Problems and Solutions (Interna- tional Dark-Sky Association 1990) FEATURE by David L Crawford dark skies, but they also enhance energy efficiency. On an individual level, people can help reduce sky glow by using night light- ing only when necessary, choosing well shielded fixtures and turning off lights when they are not needed. The stars above us are a priceless heri- tage - not only for scientific knowledge, but also for our identity as human beings. David L Crawford, an astronomer at the Kill Peak National Observatory in Tucson, Arizona, is also executive director of the International Dark- Sky Association. The night sky seen from an urban area. View oj part of the constellation Scorpius, taken in August 1988 from Arlington, Virginia, looking south (jive-second exposure). PLANNING COMMISSIONERS JOURNAL NUMBER 4 MAY/JUNE 1992 ght pollution is not a matter of life and death. Yet it is important nonetheless, profoundly so. We human beings lose something of ourselves when we can no longer look up and see our place in the universe. It is like never again hearing the laughter of children; we give up part of what we are. Such a loss might be acceptable iflight pollution were the inevitable price of progress, but it's not. Most sky glow, as scientists call it, is unnecessary. The light that obscures our view of the night sky comes mainly from inefficient lighting sources that do little to increase nighttime safety, utility or security. It produces only glare and clutter, costing more than $1 billion annually in wasted energy in the United States alone. For science, the impact has been even more tangible and adverse. Astronomers require observations of extremely faint objects that can be made only with large telescopes at sites free of air pollution and urban sky glow. Our experience over the past two decades has shown that space- based astronomy, far from reducing the need for ground-based observations, actu- ally increases the demand for these facili- ties. Reducing light pollution requires that public officials and ordinary citizens be aware of the problem and act to counter it. Low-pressure sodium lights. for example, can replace existing fixtures for most streets, parking lots, and other locations. They reduce glare and save money. Another fairly painless way to reduce light pollution is with outdoor lighting control ordinances, over fifty of which have been enacted throughout Arizona and in several key cities and counties in Cali- fornia and HawaiLC;t'Light Pol/ution Codes" These measures typically require commu- nities to prohibit inefficient, low-quality lighting. Not only do they help preserve - The Death of the Night have the habit of looking up at hawks and clouds and stars. On clear nights I like to walk outside my house in central Vermont and be lifted into the vast wheel of the glittering sky. As a child I learned to search first for the Big Dipper and then, following its pointer stars, to find Polaris, the locus for sky- watching in New England. The easiest con- stellation to detect was Orion and his tough dog, with its studded collar and popeye. That eye is Sirius, a star that is twenty times brighter than the sun though far more distant. 'iew of the same portion of the sky, but taken ~rorn a darker site, near Kill Peak, Arizona. In :his location, many more stars, as well as the ,filllY Way, arc visible. by E. Annie Proulx At night I lie on the hillside to watch meteor showers. Sometimes I can see the northern lights, writhing streams of color in the upper atmosphere, agitated by solar winds. They look like a million miles of melting ribbon candy, or the brilliant curv- ing edge of tide on black sand. A few months ago I drove north from Boston to Vermont. It was a clear night, and in an earlier year I could have seen the stars or an auroral display through a clean windshield. Not this time. All the way, until I was twenty miles from home, the sky was obscured by the orange smear of sodium vapor lights along streets and roads, emanating from parking lots, shop- ping malls, and fast-food parlors. When at last I turned onto the dirt road to home, I expected darkness. But here too the night was stained with light. A few decades ago most parking lots and streets were lit by shielded incandes- cent lights, and later by mercury vapor lights whose cold rays made everyone look like vampires. Mercury vapor radiation was concentrated into relatively few spec- trallines, and the spread of their light was limited. But sports stadium lights, bill- board lights, and backyard floodlights _ all glowing with high-pressure sodium that emits a continuous spectrum of radiation - now destroy the darkness in broad and devastating ways: poorly designed shields allow their light to shoot upward and side- ways. Light pollution is endemic all over the earth, and every observatory on the globe suffers from it. A few places near observa- tories-San Diego County, Tucson, Phoe- nix, and Flagstaff - have enacted lighting ordinances to solve the problem. In War- saw, Indiana, a backyard astronomer whose small observatory was rendered useless by the glaring yard light of an un- cooperative neighbor went to court to take back the sky. He won. It takes a sort of visual patience to get to know the night. These days I'm remem- bering, rather than seeing, such phenom- ena as gegenschein, or counterglow. This is a delicate pale glow like a glass saucer in the dome of the sky around midnight, caused by reflected light from the sun, which, at the moment, stands exactly op- posite, on the other side of the earth. The zodiacal light appears before dawn and af- ter dusk, a cone of luminance emanating from the unseen sun below the horizon and disappearing into the zenith. Neither gegenschein nor zodiacal light can be seen in light polluted skies. Our children are growing up blind to the sky, the first generation not to know its extraordinary beauty. It is a bitter loss. E. Annie Proulx lives in the small town of Vershire, Vermont. She is an author, whose most recent work is Postcards, published by Charles Scribner's Sons. Her thoughts on the night sky were first published in The New England Monthly, and are excerpted here with her permission. PLANNING COMMISSIONERS JOURNAL NUMBER 4 MAY/JUNE 1992 I. .~"-- 'n, -.'.- ..0_" ~. .", _-,,"",,: _!'- f_ , : . . .~...-...~__.__ CITY OF CHANHASSEN 90 Ci0' Center Drire, PO Box 147 Cihlllblls.ien, Millllesotll 55317 Pbolle 612.9371900 Gel/eml Fllx612.9375739 Fllgilleerillg hlX 612.9379152 Public S4'~)' hlX 61293-1.25]-1 H'i'u u'u'w,o', CfhZi}/I,!.i_il'll. JJlil.lf.\ MEMORANDUM TO: Mayor and City Council FROM: Sharmin AI-Jaff, Planner II DATE: July 22, 1998 SUBJ: Cinema Marquee Sign and chasing or blinking lights As the City Council is aware, staff has been working with Mr. Copeland for several months to try and resolve the Marquee Sign design issue. On July 13, 1998, staff met with a representative from Attracta Sign and explained in detail the design criteria for the sign. On Friday, July 16, 1998, we received an application with a sign design that reflected all the requirements. Mr. Copeland explained that he needed to consult with his partners before approving the design. Staff explained that the application must be published in the newspaper and in order to meet the deadline for the publication, we needed an immediate answer. Mr. Copeland contacted staff on Tuesday, July 21, 1998, and withdrew his application. It is staffs recommendation that we give Mr. Copeland a deadline of September 14, 1998 to have a sign plan approved by Planning Commission and City Council. An acceptable sign design (incorporating all the elements recommended by the City Council) must be submitted to the City no later than July 31, 1998. The sign must be in place no later than October 5, 1998. Failure to meet any of these conditions will result in immediate removal of the temporary signs. Unless staff receives different direction from the City Council, a letter will be sent out to Mr. Copeland on July 27,1998, incorporating staffs recommendations. RECOMMENDATION Staff sends Mr. Copeland a letter with a deadline of September 14, 1998 to have a sign plan approved by Planning Commission and City Council. An acceptable sign design (incorporating all the elements recommended by the City Council) must be submitted to the City no later than July 31, 1998. The sign must be in place no later than October 5, 1998. Failure to meet any of these conditions will result in immediate removal of the temporary signs. It' City o/Chllllhi/sseII. A grazl'illg (01llIllulli0' Il'irb dei/II 1,IRn, qUlllit)' s(bools, II (bi/!7llillg dOZl'ntoll'll, tbrillillg busillesses, i/nd bellutiful pmk.i. A grellt plll(( to lil'(, 1I'0r/"', IlIId pll~)' ~~ .... .-:}":(/::.,'. - -- Updates from City Hall--July 15, 1998 ~ " ..- Public Safety Department · Bike helmet sales remain brisk. · Bike helmet safety citations are being given out often by officres "catching" children wearing helmets. After having a positive contact with an officer, the "ticket" can be redeemed for a free burger through the generosity of Gene and Doreen Borg at Chanhassen McDonalds. · Outdoor siren installations will be later this summer than anticipated because this year's severe weather has depleted wooden phone pole availability. Other than this aspect, all looks good. · Recently there was a near drown- ing at Lake Ann swimming beach. Due to the prompt action by the lifeguards, citizens at the beach, several off-duty officers that hap- pened to be on site, and police and fire rescue people responding, what was almost a death appears to be heading toward a full recovery. · The owners of the Assumption Seminary buildings have not com- pleted demolition by July I as required by the council. Steve Kirchman has been in contact with the owners and they cite problems with asbestos removal as being the cause for delay. Progress has been made--they have removed roofing in preparation for Fire Dept. burning, and they have the asbestos evaluation report. Although the Fire Dept. remains available to burn two of the buildings, their agreement to do so expires July 31. Steve Kirchman has intensified monitoring the project in an attempt to hurry them along. Planning Department · Rosemount is preparing to expand a parking lot west of the existing building. The plan is below the threshold for city council review. Staff will review the project adminis- tratively (see attached memo and sketch plan). · On July 14, planning staffinspected Loren Veltkamp's property for compliance with a letter requiring him to remove construction-related items from the roof of the home. It ap- pears as though the items were removed. During a recent tele- phone conversation, Mr. Veltkamp explained that these items were stored on the roof rather than the yard for aesthetic reasons. · Attached is a copy of Susan Morgan's resignation from the Environmental Commission. · The city council directed staff to investigate the status of7420 Chanhassen Road. David and Carolyn Wetterlin own a triplex on Lots 2 and 3, Block I, Sunset View Addition. It is a legal non-conform- ing use structure and use. The Wetterlins have owned this property for approximately 12 years. Two people live in Unit 1; 1 person lives in Unit 2, and the Wetterlin family (6 people) live in Unit 3. Administration · Attached is the employee benefit survey and vehicle maintenance survey as requested by the council. · The staff picnic is scheduled for July 23 at noon at Lake Ann Park. Finance Department · Pam will be on vacation from August 3-7. Public Works/Engineering · City maintenance crews have made two passes through the city picking up and removing storm damage debris. A total of 29 working days and 1,113 man hours have been devoted to this effort. There are still a few remaining properties to be picked up, how- ever, they will be addressed as work schedules permit. . Midwest Asphalt will be overlay- ing Pleasant View Road with bituminous the week of July 20-24, 1998. Signs informing residents of pending road work were installed on July 13, 1998 at Powers Boule- vard and Trunk Highway 101 and Pleasant View Road intersections. · Chapel Hill Academy will be moving in a temporary building on the old St. Hubert's School site on July 20-31, 1998. CITY OF CHANlIASSEN MEMORANDUM TO: Don Ashworth, City Manager 690 City emf" Driv!. PO Box 147 Chl1llhl1sstn, Minntsota55317 FROM: Phon! 612.937.1900 GtlJtral Fax 612.937.5739 Ellgillmillg FilX 612.937.9152 DATE: filMic Sapo' Fax 612.934.2524 llib 1l111'mci.dJilllhilSsell.1I111.IIS SUBJ: Bob Generous, Senior Planner Dave Hempel, Assistant City Engineer July 10, 1998 Rosemount Parking Lot Expansion Staff met with Jack Shaw ofSwedenborg Shaw Construction at Rosemount to review the proposed parking lot expansion (approximately 150 spaces) located west of the existing building. This area is relatively flat and devoid of trees. The proposed Rosemount parking lot expansion does not warrant site plan review. Staff believes that the grading will not exceed 1,000 cubic yards. Staff will administratively review the proposed grading, drainage, erosion control plan, civil plan, and landscaping plan for the parking lot. However, we are requesting that you bring this item to City Council's attention so that they can provide us with any concerns they may have. The need for the additional parking is due to consolidation at Rosemount operations which include creating additional office space within the existing building this winter. Attachment g:\plan\bg\rosemount parking lot expansion memo.doc TIlt GO' ofChilllhllsst/l. A groll'illg cOlIJlIJlI/lit). with clemll"kes, fliI,ditl' scf,ook a ch{/I7nhw dml'lltn/ll/1. tlII'h,illlT h'Hillp"p", (/1/1/ h","tir.'! n.,,'['" Am',' Tt "I", '" I;,," '''M.l. '" .8 14: 4t:l -=>WC.LJC.I~D'-'''''' ...., on,,; dw!OENBORr SHAW t-I' tr ". I CON,S.lt.UCTION ~," ReF" . ; '- - ( .CS3 TC 9'k)Q FL. 336 !~. . . lL. . Q ., 0 - .. . \ ,. .... \ . . . '. l'T"R P /") I -cD k " . . V r BPI'" ~O~E:~~t'1,,", ~~~. fR~E>~6....~ ~AR~\t-\~ '-~T E...,...ql\~S\~""" , I':::. c;. t::) f . . i I .\ ~ I J 1 l . -I ..,'~ 7 , 5~ ,~' tAt ~ '"'0 ~ W ~ Lv ~ f'J ~ 1C 1I7 - 2 ~ ~'> (jf -0 ~ "-Jf:.:/) ~ "' ~ :... .- ~ ~ ~ ~ ,. I] ~ , t'. ..;; 1; Z, )':: .~ . --:--;-:, /- . >,...1 yo"':-" ~ ~. i 1.:7 '. . " - .-' . J -' JUL 08'98 08:28 FR MUSICLAND-ADVERTISING 12 931 8235 TO 99375739 P.01/0: 7/8/98 Susan E. Morgan 4031 Kings Road Excelsior, MN 55331 Environmental Commission City of Chanhassen Jill Sinclair 690 Coulter Drive Chanhassen, MN. 55317 Dear Jill, This letter is to infonn you of my resignation from the Environmental Commission. I am making this decision based on philosophical and political differences that T cannot resolve> nor can T continue to ignore. Please pass my regrets onto the other board members, along with my thanks. Good luck! !..-~- :....-. Sincerely, /~c )fl(J(~ SusanE. Morgan j" CITY OF CHANHASSEN MEMORANDUM TO: Don Ashworth, City Manager Todd Gerhardt, Assistant City Manager IG f L I City Center Driz'e, PO Box 147 FROM: ]anhassen, Minnesota 55317 Phone 612.937.1900 DATE: General hIx 612.937.5739 IIgilleering Fax 612.937.9152 SUBJ: tblic 54e0' Fax 612.934.2524 fl'b WII'II:ci.challh'li.ifll.IllIl.lIj July 14, 1998 Employee Benefits Survey and Vehicle Maintenance Survey Attached you will find the 1997 Employee Benefits Survey. This information was gathered from cities that participate in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area Salary Survey and was administered by DCA Stanton Group. Staff also completed the 1998 Vehicle Maintenance Survey as requested by the council. The council selected five random vehicles and asked staff to review the expenses/usage of these vehicles and to determine a price per mile cost for each. Attached are the results of our analysis. For your information, the allowance provided under IRS rules for mileage reimbursement is currently at 32.5~ per mile. g: ladmin Itglbenefitsurvey .doc tf] ofChanhmsen. A growing cOlllllllmity with deall !.1kej, qlwli0' schooh, a channing downtown, thriuing businesses, and beautiful parks. A gmtt place to lilJe, u'Drk, and pf.1y. Chanhassen Depts. Clothing Allowance # of Persons Amt./Person Travel & Training # of Persons Amt./Person Gen. GoV!. Legislative $ 8,000.00 5 $ 1,600.00 Admin. $ 5,700.00 6 $ 950.00 Finance $ 5,200.00 4 $ 1,300.00 City Hall $ 1,000.00 Elections $ 300.00 Public SafelY Police Admin. $ 1,000.00 5 $ 200.00 $ 3,000.00 5 $ 600.00 Fire Prevo & Admin. $ 18,000.00 20 $ 900.00 $ 20,000.00 20 $ 1,000.00 Pub. Safety Comm. $ 175.00 Code Enforcement $ 3,500.00 15 $ 233.33 $ 12,000.00 15 $ 800.00 Animal Control $ 4,500.00 4 $ 1,125.00 $ 2,000.00 3 $ 666.67 Public Works Engineering $ 3,000.00 4 $ 750.00 Street Maintenance $ 2,400.00 13 $ 184.62 $ 1,200.00 13 $ 92.31 City Garage $ 900.00 5 $ 180.00 $ 1,000.00 5 $ 200.00 Park & Recreation Park & Rec. Comm. $ 500.00 7 $ 71.43 Admin. $ 3,500.00 3 $ 1.166.67 Rec. Center $ 900.00 9 $ 100.00 $ 1,000.00 9 $ 111.11 Senior Center $ 350.00 1 $ 350.00 Rec. Programs $ 350.00 21 $ 16.67 $ 750.00 21 $ 35.71 Self-Support Prog. $ 60.00 28 $ 2.14 Lake Ann Park Op. $ 525.00 4 $ 131.25 Park Maint. $ 2,000.00 22 $ 90.91 $ 750.00 22 $ 34.09 CommunitY Development Planning Commission $ 750.00 7 $ 107.14 Planning Admin. $ 8,250.00 7 $ 1,178.57 Senior Facility Comm. $ 500.00 7 $ 71.43 1997 Clothing Allowance Survey Twin Cities Area Clothing Allowance Police AmtJYr. Eagan(Maint.) $ 216.29 $ 570.90 Edina(Equip. Oper., $ 500.00 Mechanics, Park Maint. Uti\. Maint.) St. Louis Park(Maint.) $ 150.00 $ 550.00 Ffidley(AII Public Works) $ 400.00 $ 450.00 Crystal (All Public Works) $ 200.00 $ 481.00 Champlin(Lt. Equip. Op., $ 310.00 $ 585.00 Heavy Equip. Op, Mechnics, Sewer & Water Maint.) Anoka(Parks&Pub. Works) $ 250.00 $ 659.00 Savage(AII Public Works) $ 250.00 Uno Lakes(Gen. Maint.) $ 280.00 $ 520.00 Rosemount(Maint.. Mech., $ 300.00 $ 575.00 & CuS1lldian) AVERAGE $ 285.63 $ 548.86 Page 1 Cost of HMO Coverage Survey City HMO Individual Family Empl. Pays Govt. Pays Empl. Pays Govt. Pays Chanhassen Medica $ 186.70 $ 156.96 $ 343.64 Eagan HealthPartners $ 230.71 $ 123.68 $ 298.02 Medica Edina HealthPartners $ 152.84 $ 89.13 $ 328.30 Medica St. Louis Park HealthPartnersClassic $ 152.84 $ 57.43 $ 360.00 HealthPartners Health Plan Medica Fridley HealthPartners $ 171.05 $ 47.83 $ 341 .50 Medica Crystal HealthPartners Classic $ 152.84 $ 72.43 $ 345.00 HealthPartners Health Plan Medica Champlin HealthPartners $ 232.47 $ 134.49 $ 373.57 Medica Anoka HealthPartners $ 232.47 $ 189.46 $ 318.60 Medica Savage Medica Choice $ 146.24 $ 115.85 $ 293.57 Lino Lakes HealthPartners $ 171.05 $ 39.32 $ 350.01 Medica Rosemount AVERAGE $ 182.92 $ 102.66 $ 335.22 Page 1 Group Dental Premium Survey City Group Individual Family Empl. Pays Govt. Pays Empl. Pays Govt. Pays Chanhassen Amer. Mad. Sec. $ 13.00 .0 $ 34.00 SO Eagan Edina $ 21.63 $ 59.96 St. Louis Park Premier $ 24.00 $ 51.00 Fridley $ 6.56 $ 15.00 $ 43.21 $ 15.00 Crystal Amer. Med. Sec. $ 15.75 $ 39.90 Champlin AFSCME, LMCIT $ 33.00 $ 33.00 Anoka Amer. Dental $ 15.75 $ 30.45 Savage Canada Life $ 24.29 $ 67.74 Lino Lakes Delta $ 27.00 $ 6.00 $ 27.00 $ 6.00 Rosemount Fortis $ 25.44 $ 51.61 $ 25.44 AVERAGE $ 16.79 $ 20.50 $ 42.14 $ 29.44 Page 1 Max. Cost of Group Ins.Prem. City Govt.pays Govt. Pays Individual Family Chanhassen $ 221.70 $ 378.64 Eagan $ 291.69 $ 338.46 Edina $ 330.00 $ 330.00 SI. Louis Park $ 310.00 $ 360.00 Fridley $ 210.00 $ 345.00 Crystal $ 206.40 $ 345.00 Champlin $ 448.49 $ 448.49 Anoka $ 233.87 $ 320.00 Savage $ 260.97 $ 396.25 Uno Lakes $ 241.97 $ 399.50 Rosemount $ 171.44 $ 380.00 AVERAGE $ 266.05 $ 367.39 Included are all contributions for all group insurance(HMOs, fee-for-seNice, medical, dental,disability, life&lor all other group insurance.) Page 1 Longterm Disability Coverage City Benefit Benefit Duration For Costl$1000/mo. Maxlempl/mo. Monthly Max. Accident Illness Chanhassen $ 5,000.00 70 70 Eagan $ 0.37 no max no max 65 65 Edina 72 72 S1. Louis Park na $ 28.00 $ 4,320.00 65 65 Fridley Crystal Champlin $ 5,000.00 65 65 Anoka $ 3.00 $ 19.70 $ 5,000.00 70 70 Savage $ 0.32 $ 3,553.00 na 65 65 Lino Lakes Rosemount $ 0.30 na $ 4,500.00 65 65 AVERAGE $ 1.00 $ 2,150.18 $ 4,705.00 67.13 67.13 ,," ..._~ Page 1 Life Insurance Survey City Basic Life Govt. costl$1000/mo. Max. govt. costlempl./mo. Ace. Death & Dismemberment Chanhassen 1 xannual salary $ 0.14 $ 10.86 equal Eagan 1 xannual salary $ 0.26 $ 13.00 equal Edina S1. Louis Park Fridley $ 25,000.00 $ 0.14 $ 3.50 Crystal $ 20,000.00 $ 0.17 $ 3.40 Champlin $ 10,000.00 $ 0.14 $ 1.40 equal Anoka $ 10,000.00 $ 0.14 $ 1.40 equal Savage Uno Lakes Rosemount AVERAGE $ 16,250.00 $ 0.17 $ 5.59 Page 1 >. Q) 2: ::J en Q) u c ctl c Q) E "itj :::2: Q) :g L; Q) > ex) 0> 0> T"" 0 0 0 0 '<t 0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0) 0) '<t 0 0 0 0 0 0 - C\I 0 0 0 0 0 0 "! 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